Reviewers for 1999 FREE

The consituency of the ARCHIVES comprises a "university" of often interchangeable writers and readers, students, knowledgeable practitioners, and scholars of medicine and sciences underlying the field of psychiatry. The editors are deeply grateful to the many colleagues listed below for their generous assistance in editorial critique and review. The donation of their special expertise is a necessary contribution on which the intellectual standards in the field heavily depend.

Larry Abel, Walid Abi-Saab, Richard Abrams, Robert Abrams, T. M. Achenbach, P. Acherman, George Aghajanian, W. Stewart Agras, Schahram Akbarian, Hagop S. Akiskal, Anne Marie Albano, Katherine A. Albert, Bertolino Alessandro, Margaret Altemus, A. Alterman, Jose Alvir, Jay Amsterdam, T. F. Anders, Carl M. Anderson, George Anderson, Adrian Angold, Jules Angst, Lawrence Annable, James C. Anthony, Ray Anton, Paul Appelbaum, Louis Appleby, Celso Arango, Victoria Arango, Josephine Arendt, Shanni Arenewitz, Stephan Arndt, L. Eugene Arnold, Steven E. Arnold, Francesc Artigas, Robert Asarnow, Wesson Ashford, Boris Astrachan, David Avery

Thomas Babor, J. Michael Bailey, Dewleen Baker, Ross J. Baldessarini, James C. Ballenger, John C. Barefoot, John Baretteo, Russell A. Barkley, David Barlow, Samuel H. Barondes, P. E. Barta, John J. Bartko, George Bartzokis, Mark Bauer, Michael Bauer, Andrew Baum, Lewis Baxter, Scott Baymatter, Charles M. Beasley, Paul Bebbington, Antoine Bechara, Aaron T. Beck, Betsy Becker, Henri Begleiter, Deborah C. Beidel, Laura Bellodi, Francine Benes, Chawki Benkelfat, Sarah Berga, Andrew Bergen, Lisa Berkman, Karen Faith Berman, Robert Berman, G. Berns, Wade Berrettini, Joseph Biederman, Laura Bierut, George Bigelow, Robert Bilder, Rene Binder, Ray Bingham, Hector Bird, Garth Bissette, Donald Black, Mark Blais, Randy D. Blakely, Edward B. Blanchard, Jack Blanchard, Carlos Blanco, Teresa Blaxton, Dan G. Blazer, Ola Blomqvist, Kenneth Blum, J. Alexander Bodkin, Bruce Bogerts, William Bondareff, Richard J. Bonnie, Fred Bookstein, A. A. Borbely, Michael Borenstein, Charles L. Bowden, Julie Bower, Malcolm Bowers, David Braff, Alan Breier, Hans Breiter, B. Breitmeyer, J. Douglas Bremner, Patricia Brennan, David Brent, Naomi Breslau, Timothy D. Brewerton, Ian Brockington, Jonathan Brodie, Evelyn Bromet, Judith S. Brook, George W. Brown, Marty Bruce, Gerard E. Bruder, Robert W. Buchanan, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Monte Buchsbaum, Neil Buckholtz, Cindy Bulik, Benjamin S. Bunney, William E. Bunney, Audrey Burnam, Barbara J. Burns, Ashley Bush, Terry Bush, Alexander Bystritsky

Kristin Cadenhead, J. Cahill, Joseph Calabrese, Joseph Callicott, Oliver G. Cameron, S. B. Campbell, Scott Campbell, Tyrone D. Cannon, Gabrielle Carlson, Dorit Carmelli, Robert M. Carney, Linda Carpenter, William Carpenter, Bernard J. Carroll, Mary Carskadon, Manuel Casanova, Regina Casper, Ayshalom Caspi, Frederick Cassidy, Elizabeth Cauffman, R. Caupro, Verne Caviness, Aravinda Chakravarti, Marek Chawarski, Stuart A. Checkley, Guang Chen, Tony H. H. Chen, Tuhao Chen, Yue Chen, Andrew T. A. Cheng, A. R. Childress, George P. Chrousos, David M. Clark, Vincent Clark, John Clarkin, Brett Clementz, Marylene Cloitre, C. Robert Cloninger, Thomas Coats, Emil Coccaro, C. Edward Coffey, Donald Cohen, Howard L. Cohen, Patricia Cohen, Robert Collins, R. D. Conger, Kevin Conway, Yates Conwell, Edwin H. Cook, Richard Coppola, Barbara A. Cornblatt, Jack R. Cornelius, William Coryell, Paul T. Costa, Jane Costello, Rex Cowdry, P. J. Cowen, Joseph Coyle, Paul Crits-Christoph, Tim Crow, Raymond Crowe, Judith Crowell, Thomas Crowley, John Csernansky, Jeffrey Cummings, Charles Czeisler, Pal Czobor

Hartvig Dahl, Robert Daly, Antonio R. Damasio, Jean-Marie Danion, Constantine Daskalakis, A. S. David, Colin Davidson, Lucy Davidson, Richard Davidson, Mark Davies, John M. Davis, Kenneth Davis, Richard Dawkins, Geraldine Dawson, Michael Dawson, Frank de Gruy, Mony de Leon, Pedro Delgado, Dean C. Delis, Lynn DeLisi, William C. Dement, Claude De Montigny, M. B. Denckla, Raymond DePaulo, D. P. Devanand, Orin Devinsky, Michael Devlin, Mary Amanda Dew, Barbara Dickey, Miriam Dickinson, Park Elliott Dietz, Steven Dilsaver, Joel E. Dimsdale, David F. Dinges, Kenneth L. Dion, Wilfred Dixon, Jeri Doane, Nancy Docherty, Hiroko Dodge, Bruce Dohrenwend, Ray Dolan, Helen Doll, Allen Donner, P. M. Doraiswamy, David A. Drachman, Robert E. Drake, Wayne Drevets, Paul R. Duberstein, David Dunner, Andrew Dwork

Martin Eales, Felton Earls, Charmane Eastman, S. L. Eastwood, William Eaton, Lindon Eaves, James Eberwine, K. P. Ebmeier, A. Ehlers, Cindy L. Ehlers, Burr Eichelman, Brita Elevaag, Everett H. Ellinwood, Glen R. Elliott, B. Elvevang, Graham J. Emslie, Mary-Ann Enoch, L. Erlenmeyer-Kimling, Javier Escobar, Murray D. Esler, Susan Essock, Dwight Evans, S. A. Everson

John A. Fairbank, Christopher Fairburn, I. R. Falloon, Stephen Faraone, Nuri Farber, Lars Farde, Martin R. Farlow, David P. Farrington, Kym Faull, Giovanni A. Fava, Jan Fawcett, Fawzy I. Fawzy, Michael Fendrich, Wayne S. Fenton, David M. Fergusson, Steven Ferris, Gary Figiel, L. Finelli, Max Fink, David Finkelhor, Michael First, Marion Fischman, Joseph Flaherty, Michael Flaum, Jerry Fleming, Jack M. Fletcher, Kenneth Fletcher, Edna B. Foa, Susan Folkman, Peter Fonagy, Judith Ford, Tatiana Foroud, John Fortney, R. S. J. Frackowiak, David J. Francis, Constantine Frangakis, Ellen Frank, Richard Frank, Frances R. Frankenburg, N. Frasure-Smith, Alan Frazer, Robert Freedman, Arnold J. Friedhoff, Richard C. Friedman, Chris Frith, Paul Fudala, Abby Fyer

Kenneth D. Gadow, Guillaume Galbaud du Fort, Mary Ganguli, Rohan Ganguli, Paul Garfinkel, Carol Z. Garrison, Frank Gawin, Pablo V. Gejman, Michael Gelder, Alan Gelenberg, Joel Gelernter, Linda George, Tom D. Geracioti, William Gerin, Gale German, Elliot S. Gershon, Mark Geyer, Nassir Ghaemi, P. R. Giancola, Christine Gianoulakis, Robert D. Gibbons, Jay Giedd, Paul Gilbert, Christopher Gillberg, J. Christian Gillin, Michael Gitlin, Ronald Glaser, Alexander Glassman, William Glazer, Donald C. Goff, James Gold, Phillip W. Gold, D. P. Goldberg, Joseph Goldberg, Terry E. Goldberg, Robert Golden, Alexander Goldenshlinger, David Goldman, Howard Goldman, Patricia Goldman-Rakic, Jill Goldstein, Julie Golier, Karl Goodkin, A. C. Goodman, Wayne Goodman, Donald Goodwin, Frederick Goodwin, Ian Goodyer, David Gorelick, Jack Gorman, Irving Gottesman, Madelyn S. Gould, Suzanne Graham, David K. Grandy, Igor Grant, Michael Graves, Bonnie L. Green, Michael Green, David Greenblatt, Laurence Greenhill, Joel Greenhouse, John H. Greist, B. Greyson, Eric Griez, John Gruzelier, John G. Gunderson, Raquel Gur, Ruben Gur, Barry J. Gurland, Thomas Gutheil, Donald Guthrie, Barry Guze

H. Hafner, Uriel Halbreich, Katherine Halmi, James Halper, Constance Hammen, Lisa Hand, Sydney Hans, V. Haretsien, William Hargreaves, Kate Harkness, R. Harrington, Paul Harrison, Martin Harrow, P. D. Harvey, Deborah Hasin, Khatab M. Hassanein, Ruth S. Hassanein, Keith Hawton, Andrew C. Heath, Robert Heaton, Stephan Heckers, Don Hedeker, Larry Hedges, H. Heilz, Richard G. Heimburg, Robert Hendren, V. Hendrick, M. Hendriksson, George Heninger, Fritz Henn, Jack E. Henningfield, Richard C. Hermann, Ronald Herning, David Herzog, Victor Hesselbrock, J. R. Hesselink, Jarmo Hietala, Stephen T. Higgins, Shirley Hill, J. Hintilla, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Kimberly Hoagwood, Susan Hodge, Sheilagh Hodgins, Rudolf Hoehn-Saric, Michael Hofler, Stafan G. Hofmann, Joseph Hogan, Gerard E. Hogarty, Ann Hohmann, H. D. Holder, Theodore Holford, S. D. Hollon, Philip Holzman, Daniel W. Hommer, Ewald Horwath, Kenneth Howard, James Hudson, John Hughes, Thomas Hyde, G. W. Hynd

William G. Iacono, Robert B. Innis, Thomas R. Insel, Keith Isenberg, Erkki T. Isometsa, Satish Iyengar

Assen Jablensky, Jerome H. Jaffe, Kerry Jang, Philip G. Janicak, Daniel C. Javitt, Michael Jenike, Peter Jensen, Terry Jernigan, Dilip Jeste, David C. Jimerson, Yi Jin, George Joe, R. E. Johnson, Ingrid Johnsrude, Douglas Jones, Edward Jones, Peter Jones, Reese Jones, A. F. Jorm, Lewis L. Judd

Bruce Kagan, Tatsu Kakuma, Ned H. Kalin, K. Kampman, Denise Kandel, John Kane, Tzu-Cheg Kao, Shitij Kapur, Maria Karayiorgou, Wayne Katon, Ira Katz, Joan Kaufman, Walter Kaye, Alan Kazdin, Paul E. Keck, Richard Keefe, Samuel Keith, Kelly Kelleher, Adrienne Keller, Martin Keller, J. A. Kelly, Margaret Kemeny, R. E. Kendell, Kenneth Kendler, G. J. Kennedy, Michelle Kepler, Otto F. Kernberg, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Ronald Kessler, Terrence Ketter, Arif Khan, Kenneth Kidd, Joel Killen, Raymond King, Dennis Kinney, Kris N. Kirby, Brian Kirkpatrick, Ruth Klap, Herbert D. Kleber, Brian Klee, Daniel N. Klein, Donald Klein, Rachel G. Klein, Arthur Kleinman, Kelly Klump, James H. Kocsis, Harold G. Koenig, George F. Koob, Lorrin Koran, Danny Koren, Thomas Kosten, Maria Kovacs, Helena Kraemer, Henry Kranzler, Mary Jane Kreek, William S. Kremen, Daniel F. Kripke, K. R. Krishnan, Kurt Kroenke, Marcus Kruesi, Andrew Krystal, John Krystal, Michael J. Kuhar, David Kupfer

Esa Laara, H. M. Lachman, Ben Lahey, Nan Laird, Raymond Lam, H. Richard Lamb, Manny Landau, Douglas R. Langbehn, Nathaniel Laor, Sharon Larson, Asenath LaRue, Judith R. Lave, Nicole Lazar, Paul Leber, James Leckman, Joseph Ledoux, Julian Leff, Tony Lehman, Ellen Leibenluft, Robert Lenox, Mark F. Lenzenweger, Andrew C. Leon, Henrietta Leonard, K. Peter Lesch, Jane Leserman, Francois Lesperance, Ira M. Lesser, Andrew Leuchter, Bennett Leventhal, Robert Levine, Douglas F. Levinson, Robert Levitan, Deborah Levy, Peter M. Lewinsohn, David Lewis, Alfred Lewy, T. K. Li, Robert Liberman, Israel Liberzon, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Michael Liebowitz, Kelvin O. Lim, Marsha Linehan, Walter Ling, Bruce Link, Karley Little, John W. Livesley, R. Loeber, Jan Loney, Jouko Lonnquist, Manuelo Lopez-Figueron, Armand Loranger, Daniel Luchins, R. Bruce Lydiard, Donald Lynam, Michael J. Lyons

Ricardo A. Machon, James MacMurray, Michael Maes, Mario Maj, Alain Malafosse, Amil Malhotra, Susan Malkoff-Schwart, S. C. Malpas, Husseini Manji, J. John Mann, Willard Manning, Salvatore Mannuzza, Joseph Marcus, M. D. Marcus, Stephen Marder, Stefano Marenco, W. R. Markesbery, Jerome H. Markovitz, John C. Markowitz, Isaac Marks, Frederick Marsteller, Andres Martin, Mauri Marttunen, Barbara J. Mason, Daniel H. Mathalon, K. A. Matthews, S. N. Mattson, Chiara Mazzanti, Lou Ann McAdams, P. Anne McBride, Una D. McCann, Robert W. McCarley, Robert McClure, Joan McCord, Christopher McDougle, Susan L. McElroy, Miles McFall, Bentson H. McFarland, A. C. McFarlane, William McFarlane, Thomas P. McGlashan, Patrick McGrath, Peter McGuffin, Michael T. McGuire, Douglas McNair, James H. Meador-Woodruff, David Mechanic, Sarnoff Mednick, Deb Medott, W. Melega, Catherine A. Melfi, Nancy Mello, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Jack H. Mendelson, Lisa Meredith, Kathleen Merikangas, Roger Meyer, Barnett Meyers, K. B. Michels, Robert Michels, Eric Mick, J. J. Miguel-Hidalgo, Andrew H. Miller, Theodore Millon, Mark J. Mills, Jim Mintz, Allan F. Mirsky, James E. Mitchell, Stephen Moelter, Steven Moldin, Margaret Moline, Mark E. Molliver, John Monahan, Stuart A. Montgomery, Ivan Montoya, Hal Morgenstern, John Morrison, Preben Bo Mortensen, Eve K. Moscicki, Timothy I. Mueller, Laura Mufson, Michael F. Muldoon, Edward P. Mulvey, Declan Murphy, George Murphy, Jane Murphy, Robin M. Murray

Catherine Nageotte, C. A. Naranjo, William Narrow, Henry A. Nasrallah, Michael Neale, J. Neeleman, J. Craig Nelson, Charles Nemeroff, Randolph M. Nesse, Eric Nestler, John W. Newcomer, J. Newman, Robert G. Newman, David A. Nielsen, Andrew A. Nierenberg, Ernest Noble, Eric Nofzinger, Thomas Nordahl, Grayson Norquist, Carol North, Keith Nuechterlein, Edward Nunes, John I. Nurnberger, David Nutt

Charles O'Brien, Sean O'Conner, David R. Offord, Christine Ohannessian, Michael O'Hara, John M. Oldham, Daniel O'Leary, Mark Olfson, Thomas H. Ollendick, John W. Olney, Stephanie O'Malley, Greg Ordway, Johan Ormel, Scott Orr, David Oslin, Michael Otto

Andrew J. Pakstis, Meg Palmatier, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Barbara Parry, Oscar Parsons, David Pauls, Eugene Paykel, Godfrey D. Pearlson, William Pelham, James Perel, Diana Perkins, George Perry, C. Pesold, Bradley Peterson, Eva Petkova, Jay Pettegrew, Cynthia Pfeffer, Adolf Pfefferbaum, Michael E. Phelps, David P. Phillips, Lisa Piazza, David Pickar, Roy Pickens, Carl F. Pieper, Karen Pierce, Joseph N. Pierri, Teresa Pigott, R. O. Pihl, Paul Pilkonis, Harold Pincus, Daniel Pine, Roger Pitman, Joseph Piven, Russell Poland, John Polich, Simcha Pollack, Cynthia S. Pomerleau, Harrison G. Pope, Stephen W. Porges, Michael Posner, Robert Post, Steve Potkin, Lloyd Potter, William Z. Potter, Alvin F. Poussaint, Arthur Prange, Carol Prescott, Sheldon H. Preskorn, John Price, Dushyant P. Purohit, Robert Pynoos

Bruce Quinn, Frederic Quitkin

Bruce S. Rabin, Peter Rabins, Judith Rabkin, Marcus E. Raichle, Adrian Raine, Grazyna Rajkowska, Sakaranarayanan Raman, P. Rantakallio, Mark Rapaport, Judith Rapoport, Stanley Rapoport, Keith G. Rasmussen, Steven A. Rasmussen, Scott Rauch, Darrel Regier, Seymour Reichlin, James L. Reilly, Eric Reiman, Allan L. Reiss, Martin Reite, Gary Remafedi, Perry F. Renshaw, Patricia A. Resick, Heidi S. Resnick, Dennis Revicki, Joseph M. Rey, Charles F. Reynolds, Howard Rhoades, George Ricaurte, John P. Rice, Charles Rich, Karl Rickels, Jim Rilling, Laura Roberts, Marjorie Robertson, Lee Robins, Delbert Robinson, Robert Robinson, John Rohrbaugh, Donald C. Rojas, Bruce Rollman, Steve Roose, Jed E. Rose, Jerrold Rosenbaum, Robert Rosenheck, Norman E. Rosenthal, Brian Ross, Walton Roth, John Rotrosen, Bruce Rounsaville, Alec Roy, Peter Roy-Byrne, Donald Rubin, Robert Rubin, David Rubinow, D.S. Ruchkin, M. A. Rueter, Gerald F.M. Russell, Michael Rutter, Neal D. Ryan

Gary Sachs, Harold Sackeim, B. J. Sahakian, Ronald M. Salomon, Carl Salzman, Steve Samuels, Robert Sapolsky, Andrew Saykin, Alan F. Schatzberg, Dennis E. Schmidt, Heike Schmolck, Nina Schooler, R. S. Schottenfeld, Marc Schuckit, Herbert Schulberg, Jeffrey Schwartz, Joseph Schwartz, Goran Sedvall, Phillip Seeman, Steven P. Segal, R. T. Segraves, L. J. Seidman, Lynn Selemon, Edward M. Sellers, Sally Severino, Richard I. Shader, David Shaffer, Arieh Y. Shalev, Pak Sham, Theodore Shapiro, Steven S. Sharfstein, Katherine Shear, David V. Sheehan, Y. I. Sheline, Martha Shenton, Kenneth Sher, David Shern, B. B. Sherwin, James Shore, Patrick E. Shrout, Gerald Shugar, Carol Siegel, Larry Siever, Judy L. Silberg, David Silbersweig, Beryl Silkey, Phil Silva, Daniel Silverman, Gregory Simon, Dwayne D. Simpson, John Simpson, Judith Singer, Wolf Singer, Andrew E. Skodol, William Sledge, Wendy Slutske, Gary Small, G. Richard Smith, Mark A. Smith, Robert C. Smith, Jair C. Soares, Paul H. Soloff, Shomsa Sonowalla, Susan B. Sorenson, Steven Southwick, William Spaulding, M. Anne Spence, Thomas Spencer, David Spiegel, Robert L. Spitzer, Larry R. Squire, Stephen M. Stahl, Henry J. Steadman, Murray B. Stein, M. Steiner, Emily Stern, Craig Stockmeier, David Stoff, Robert Stout, Stephen M. Strakowski, Michael Strober, Roland Sturm, Howard Sudak, Edith Sullivan, Trey Sunderland, Ezra Susser, Akihito Suzuki, Alan C. Swann, C. M. Swartz, Holly Swartz, Victor W. Swayze, Susan Swedo, John Sweeney

Kenneth Tardiff, Pierre Tariot, Cenk Tek, Linda Teri, Michael Terman, Leonore Terr, Joseph Terwilliger, Gunvant Thaker, Leon Thal, Michael E. Thase, Allen Tien, Jari Tiihonen, Gary Tischler, Mauricio Tohen, Gary D. Tollefson, John Tooby, Lil Traskman-Bendz, Richard E. Tremblay, Alfonso Troisi, John Q. Trojanowski, William R. True, Ming T. Tsuang, Bruce Turetsky, L. Lee Tynes

Thomas Uhde, E. H. Uhlenhuth, Mark D. Underwood, Eve Van Cauter, Bessel A. Van der Kolk, Peter Van Gelder, Wilfred G. van Gorp, Daniel P. Van Kammen, Herman Van Praag, William Vega, Richard Veith, Frank C. Verhulst, Veronica Vieland, A. Viguera, Matti Virkkunen, Brent Vogt, Jan Volavka, Joseph R. Volpicelli, Michael R. Von Korff

John L. Waddington, Lauren S. Wakschlag, Mary C. Waldron, E. F. Walker, B. Timothy Walsh, Hy Wang, Amie S. Ward, Karlman Wasserman, Stanley Watson, Tom Wehr, Daniel Weinberger, Richard Weiner, Anthony P. Weiss, Myrna Weissman, Kenneth Wells, Brant Wenegrat, Bruce Wexler, Peter Whitehouse, Peter Whybrow, Priya Wickramaratne, Thomas A. Widiger, Cathy Spatz Widom, Georg Wiedemann, Frank Wilhelm, Janet B. W. Williams, P. Willner, Donna Wirshing, Thomas Wise, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Margaret Woerner, Adam Wolkin, Dean F. Wong, George Woody, Richard Jed Wyatt, David Wypij, Daniel K. Wysowski

Joel Yager, Lakshmi N. Yatham, Rachel Yehuda, Vikram Kumar Yergani, Jerome A. Yesavage, Elizabeth Young, Larry Young, Stuart Yudofsky, Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd, John B. Zabriskie, Theodore Zahn, D. W. Zaidel, Mary C. Zanarini, Hong-Yu Zhao, Meng-Yang Zhu, Bonnie Zima, Mark Zimmerman, Robert Zipursky, Lori Zoellner, George Zubenko