0
Article |

Interaction of Multiple Determinants of Schizophrenia: Title and subTitle BreakA Tentative Synthesis and Review

W. J. FESSEL
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication Feb 4, 1964.

Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of California School of Medicine.

Supported in part by PHS grants MH 04581-03 and MH 07536-01 from The National Institute of Mental Health, and in part by grant 61-1-29 from The California Department of Mental Hygiene.


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1964;11(1):1-18. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720250003001
Text Size: A A A
Published online

That other world, whose relationship to the ordinary one is the relationship of the wilderness to the cultivated land.

—Kafka

Disease is the common result of a variety of diverse external and internal causes.

—Pidoux

The main purposes of this paper are to consider some of the determining factors of schizophrenia; to suggest a paradigm for their interaction which accounts for both the temporal sequence and energy relationship of the involved events; to show the advantage of regarding schizophrenia as a disturbance of the whole organism in which there is a generalized physiological dysfunction, rather than as a dysfunction of the brain alone; and to demonstrate that the so-called psychodynamic and organic schools of pathogenesis are not so irreconcilable as some suppose.

It is emphasized at the outset that many questions raised in this paper probably cannot be answered by direct experiment.

REFERENCES

A comprehensive review of Russian work in this area is given in the paper by Korenevskaia.56
Adrian, E. D.:  Mental and Physical Origins of Behaviour , Int J Psychoanal 27:1-6, 1946;.
Atkin, L.:  Mental Disorders and External Stress , Lancet 1:581-582 ( (March 17) ) 1963;.
Balakrishnan, S., and McIlwain, H.:  Gangliosides and Related Substances of Isolated Cerebral Tissues Examined in Relation to Tissue Excitability , Biochem J 81:72-78 ( (Oct) ) 1961;.
Barraclough, C. A.:  Production of Anovulatory, Sterile Rats by Single Injections of Testosterone Propionate , Endocrinology 68:62-67 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Barraclough, C. A., and Gorski, R. A.:  Evidence that Hypothalamus Is Responsible for Androgen-Induced Sterility in Female Rat , Endocrinology 68:68-79 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Bellak, L.: " Schizophrenic Syndrome: Further Elaboration of Unified Theory of Schizophrenia ," in Schizophrenia: Review of Syndrome , edited by L. Bellak, New York: Logos Press, 1958;, pp 3-63.
Bleuler, M.:  Conception of Schizophrenia Within Last 50 Years and Today , Proc Roy Soc Med 56:945-952 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Bogoch, S., et al:  Psychological and Biochemical Syntheses Occurring During Recovery From Psychosis , Amer J Psychiat 119:128-135 ( (Aug) ) 1962;.
Bovard, E. W.:  Concept of Hypothalamic Functioning , Perspect Biol Med 5:52-60 ( (Autumn) ) 1961;.
Bovard, E. W.:  Effects of Early Handling on Viability of Albino Rat , Psychol Rev 65:257-271 ( (Sept) ) 1958;.
Bradley, P. B., et al:  The Maturational and Metabolic Consequences of Neonatal Thyroidectomy Upon Recruiting Response in Rat , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 13:577-586 ( (Aug) ) 1961;.
Brain, L.:  Some Reflections on Brain and Mind , Brain 86:381-402 ( (Sept) ) 1963;.
Burnet, F. M.:  Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity , Nashville , Tenn: Vanderbilt University Press, 1959;.
Clendinnen, B. G., and Eayrs, J. T.:  Anatomical and Physiological Effects of Prenatally Administered Somatotrophin on Cerebral Development in Rats , J Endocr 22:183-193 ( (April) ) 1961;.
Cohen, H.:  Nature, Methods and Purpose of Diagnosis , Lancet 1:23-25 ( (Jan 2) ) 1943;.
David, G. B.: " Pathological Anatomy of Schizophrenias ," in Schizophrenia: Somatic Aspects , edited by D. Richter, London: Pergamon Press, 1959;, pp 93-130.
Davis, J. S., and Bollet, A. J.:  Effects of Antibodies on Mitochondria , J Clin Invest 41:2142-2150 ( (Dec) ) 1962;.
Dean, A. C. R., and Hinshelwood, Sir C.:  Integration of Cell Reactions , Nature 199:7-11 ( (July 6) ) 1963;.
Eayrs, J. T.: " Functional Correlates of Modified Cortical Structure ," in Structure and Function of Cerebral Cortex , edited by D. B. Tower and J. P. Schadé, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1960;, pp 43-50.
Eayrs, J. T.:  Influence of Thyroid on Central Nervous System , Brit Med Bull 16:122-127, 1960;.
 Steroids in Nephrotic Syndrome , editorial, Lancet 2:77-79 ( (July 13) ) 1963;.
Engle, R. L.:  Medical Diagnosis: Present, Past, and Future: III. Diagnosis in Future, Including Critique on Use of Electronic Computers As Diagnostic Aids to Physician , Arch Intern Med (Chicago) 112:530-543 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Everett, H. C.:  Situs Inversus Totalis: Survey of Laterality and Some Observations on Frequency of Mental Disorder , Amer J Psychiat 119:884-885 ( (March) ) 1963;.
Feinstein, A. R.:  Boolean Algebra and Clinical Taxonomy: I. Analytic Syntheses of General Spectrum of Human Disease , New Eng J Med 269:929-938 ( (Oct 31) ) 1963;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Autoimmunity and Mental Illness: Preliminary Report , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 6:320-323 ( (April) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Blood Proteins in Functional Psychoses: Review of Literature and Unifying Hypothesis , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 6:132-148 ( (Feb) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Disturbed Serum Proteins in Chronic Psychosis: Serological, Medic al, and Psychiatric Correlations , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 4:154-159 ( (Feb) ) 1961;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Macroglobulin Elevations in Functional Mental Illness , Nature 193:1005 ( (March 10) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Mental Stress, Blood Proteins, and Hypothalamus: Experimental Results Showing Effect of Mental Stress Upon 4S and 19S Proteins; Speculation That Functional Behavior Disturbances May Be Expressions of General Metabolic Disorder , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 7:427-435 ( (Dec) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  The "Antibrain" Factor in Psychiatric Patients' Sera: I. Further Studies With Hemagglutination System , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 8:614-621 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Fessel, W. J., and Hirata-Hibi, M.:  Abnormal Leukocytes in Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 9:601-613 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Fessel, W. J.; Kurland, H. D.; and Cutler, R. P.:  Serological Distinction Between Functional Psychoses , Arch Intern Med (Chicago) 113:669-672, 1964;.
Frohman, C. E., et al:  Motor Activity in Schizophrenia: Effect on Plasma Factor , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 9:83-88 ( (July) ) 1963;.
Frohman, C. E., et al:  Biochemical Identification of Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 4:404-412 ( (April) ) 1961;.
Geiger, R. S.:  Effects of LSD-25, Serotonin and Sera from Schizophrenic Patients on Adult Mammalian Brain Cultures , J Neuropsychiat 1:185-199 ( (April) ) 1960;.
Gellhorn, E.:  Prolegomena to Theory of Emotions , Perspect Biol Med 4:403-436 ( (Summer) ) 1961;.
Gellhorn, E., and Loofbourrow, G. N.: Emotions and Emotional Disorders: Neurophysiological Study , New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., 1963;.
German, G. A.:  Effect of Serum From Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in Rat , Brit J Psychiat 109:616-623 ( (Sept) ) 1963;.
Gey, K. F., and Pletscher, A.:  Interference of Chlorpromazine With Metabolism of Aromatic Amino-Acids in Rat Brain , Nature 194:387-389 ( (April 28) ) 1962;.
Gibson, J. G.:  Emotions and Thyroid Gland: A Critical Appraisal , J Psychosom Res 6:93-116 ( (April-June) ) 1962;.
Grenell, R. G.: In Molecular Structures and Functional Activity of Nerve Cells , edited by R. G. Grenell, and L. J. Mullins, Baltimore: Waverly Press, Inc., 1956;, p 169.
Guth, P. S.:  Effect of Phenothiazines on Neurohumor-Containing Particles From Mammalian Brain , Fed Proc 21:1100-1102 ( (Nov-Dec) ) 1962;.
Harlow, H. F., and Harlow, M. K.:  The Effect of Rearing Conditions on Behavior , Bull Menninger Clin 26:213-224 ( (Sept) ) 1962;.
Harrington, J. A.:  Acute Stress and Psychiatric Breakdown , Brit J Psychiat 109:485-487 ( (July) ) 1963;.
Herrick, C. J.: Evolution of Human Nature , Austin, Tex: University of Texas Press, 1956;.
Hillman, H. H.; Campbell, W. J.; and McIlwain, H.:  Membrane Potentials in Isolated and Electrically Stimulated Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Effects of Chlorpromazine, Cocaine, Phenobarbitone and Protamine on Tissue's Electrical and Chemical Responses to Stimulation , J Neurochem 10:325-339, 1963;.
Hoff, H.:  Multifactorial Approach in Psychiatry , J Neuropsychiat 1:173-181 ( (April) ) 1960;.
Hoskins, R. G.:  Schizophrenia From Physiological Point of View , Ann Intern Med 7:445-456 ( (Oct) ) 1933;.
Hydén, H., and Hartelius, H.:  Stimulation of the Nucleoprotein-Production in Nerve Cells by Malononitrile and Its Effect on Psychic Functions in Mental Disorders , Acta Psychiat Neurol Scand ( (suppl) ) 48:1-117, 1948;.
Ingle, D. J.: " Some Questions Relating to Role of the Adrenal Cortex in the Etiology of Disease ," in Fifth Annual Report on Stress 1955-1956 , edited by H. Selye and G. Heuser, New York: MD Publications, Inc., 1956;.
Jackson, D. D.: Etiology of Schizophrenia , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960;.
Jasper, H.: " Organic Viewpoint on Mental Disease ," in Integrating the Approaches to Mental Disease , edited by H. D. Kruse, New York: Hoeber Medical Div., Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1957;, p 127.
Judah, J. D.:  Action of Antihistamine and Other Drugs on Ion and Water Movements in Cells and Mitochondria , Fed Proc 21:1097-1099 ( (Nov-Dec) ) 1962;.
Kety, S. S.:  Biochemical Theories of Schizophrenia: Part I ., Science 129:1528-1532 ( (June 5) ) 1959;
Science 129:1590-1596 ( (June 12) ) 1959;.
Khoroshko, V. K.: Quoted by Korenevskaia, V.A.56
Korenevskaia, V. A.:  Immunologisheskie Metody v Izuchenii Nekotorykh Voprosov Etiologii i Patogeneza Schizofrenii (Immunological Methods in Study of Certain Problems of Etiology and Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia) , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 63:910-920 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Kubie, L. S.:  Instincts and Homoeostasis , Psychosom Med 10:15-30 ( (Jan) ) 1948;.
Kurland, H. D., and Fessel, W. J.:  Distinctive Protein Patterns in Functional Psychoses , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:249-251 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Kuznetsova, N. I., and Semenov, S. F.:  Obnaruzhenie Antitel k Mozgu v Syvorotke Bol'nykh Nervno-psikhicheskimi Zabolevaniiami (Detection of Antibrain Antibodies in the Blood Serum of Patients With Neuropsychiatric Diseases) , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 61:869-874 ( (June) ) 1961;.
Leighton, R. S.:  Spinal Abnormalities Encountered on X-Ray Examination in Psychotic Patients , J Nerv Ment Dis 135:171-176 ( (Aug) ) 1962;.
Lidz, T.: " A Psychodynamicist Speaks ," in Integrating the Approaches to Mental Disease , edited by H. D. Kruse, New York: Hoeber Medical Div., Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1957;, p 56.
Maudsley, H.:  Quoted by A. Lewis , J Ment Sci 97:259-277 ( (April) ) 1951;.
Mayer-Gross, W.; Slater, E.; and Roth, M.: Clinical Psychiatry , Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1955;.
McIwain, H.:  New Factors Connecting Metabolic and Electrical Events in Cerebral Tissue , Ass Res Nerv Ment Dis 40:43-56, 1962;.
Modell, A. H.:  Primitive Object Relationships and Predisposition to Schizophrenia , Int J Psychoanal 44:282-292 ( (July) ) 1963;.
Nathan, H. A., and Friedman, W.:  Chlorpromazine Affects Permeability of Resting Cells of Tetrahymena Pyriformis , Science 135:793-794 ( (March 9) ) 1963;.
Nazarov, K. N.:  On Specific Cerebral Antigens and Autosensitization against These Antigens in Series of Mental Diseases , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 62:1211-1218 ( (Aug) ) 1962;.
Overholser, W., and Werkman, S. L.: " Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Pathology ," in Schizophrenia: Review of the Syndrome , edited by L. Bellak, New York: Logos Press, 1958;, pp. 82-106.
Pfeiffer, C. A.:  Sexual Differences of the Hypophyses and Their Determination by Gonads , Amer J Anat 58:195-226 ( (Jan) ) 1936;.
Rees, L.: " Physical Characteristics of Schizophrenic Patient ," in Schizophrenia: Somatic Aspects , edited by D. Richter, London: Pergamon Press, 1957;, pp 1-14.
Reichlin, S.:  Neuroendocrinology , New Eng J Med 269:1182-1191 ( (Nov 28) ) 1963;
269:1246-1250 (Dec 5) 1963
269:1296-1303 (Dec 12) 1963.
Roberts, J. A. F.:  Multifactorial Inheritance in Relation to Normal and Abnormal Human Traits , Brit Med Bull 17:241-246 ( (Sept) ) 1961;.
Schreider, E.:  Some Statistical Aspects of Blood Sugar Regulation , Nature 199:388 ( (July 27) ) 1963;.
Seeman, P. M., and O'Brien, E.:  Sodium-Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase in Schizophrenic Erythrocytes , Nature 200:263-264 ( (Oct 19) ) 1963;.
Segura, E. T.:  Insulin Like Conditioned Hypoglycemic Response in Dogs , Acta Physiol Lat Amer 12:342-345, 1962;.
Selye, H.: Calciphylaxis , Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962;.
Selye, H.; Gabbiani, G.; and Ortega, J-M. R.:  Neurotropic Calciphylaxis , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:271-274 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Shakow, D.:  Segmental Set: A Theory of the Formal Psychological Deficit in Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 6:1-17 ( (Jan) ) 1962;.
Simpson, G. M.; Cranswick, E. H.; and Blair, J. H.:  Thyroid Indices in Chronic Schizophrenia , J Nerv Ment Dis 137:582-590 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Sobel, D. E.:  Infant Mortality and Malformations in Children of Schizophrenic Women: Preliminary Data and Suggested Research , Psychiat Quart 35:60-65 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Solomon, G. F.: Personal communication to the author.
Sours, J. A.:  Narcolepsy and Other Disturbances in the Sleep-Waking Rhythm: A Study of 115 Cases With Review of the Literature , J Nerv Ment Dis 137:525-542 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Spirtes, M. A., and Guth, P. S.:  Effect of Chlorpromazine on Rat Mitochondrial Membranes , Nature 190:274-275 ( (April 15) ) 1961;.
Spirtos, B. N., and Halmi, N. S.:  Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Rats With Hypothalamic Lesions , Endocrinology 65:669-678 ( (Oct) ) 1959;.
Timiras, P. S., and Woodbury, D. M.:  Effect of Thyroid Activity on Brain Function and Brain Electrolyte Distribution in Rats , Endocrinology 58:181-192 ( (Feb) ) 1956;.
Tower, D. B.: " Molecular Transport Across Neural and Non-Neural Membranes ," in Properties of Membranes and Diseases of Nervous System , edited by D. B. Tower, S. A. Luse, and H. Grundf est, New York: Springer Publishing Co., Inc., 1962;, pp 1-42.
Vaillant, G. E.:  Natural History of Remitting Schizophrenias , Amer J Psychiat 120:367-375 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Vartanian, M. E.:  Immunobiologicheskie Issledovaniia Shizofrenii (Immunobiological Investigations of Schizophrenia) , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 63:457-465 ( (March) ) 1963;.
Vogt, C., and Vogt, O.:  Importance of Neuroanatomy in the Field of Neuropathology , Neurology 1:205-218 ( (May-June) ) 1951;.
Weiss, L.: " Mammalian Tissue Cell Surface ," in Structure and Function of Membranes and Surfaces of Cells , edited by D. J. Bell and J. K. Grant, Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press, 1963;, pp 32-50.
Weiss, P.:  Molecular Reorientation As Unifying Principle Underlying Cellular Sensitivity , Proc Nat Acad Sci 46:993-1000 ( (July) ) 1960;.
Yokoyama, M.; Trams, E. G.; and Brady, R. O.:  Sphingolipid Antibodies in Sera of Animals and Patients With Central Nervous System Lesions , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 111:350-352 ( (Nov) ) 1962;.

First Page Preview

First page PDF preview

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

A comprehensive review of Russian work in this area is given in the paper by Korenevskaia.56
Adrian, E. D.:  Mental and Physical Origins of Behaviour , Int J Psychoanal 27:1-6, 1946;.
Atkin, L.:  Mental Disorders and External Stress , Lancet 1:581-582 ( (March 17) ) 1963;.
Balakrishnan, S., and McIlwain, H.:  Gangliosides and Related Substances of Isolated Cerebral Tissues Examined in Relation to Tissue Excitability , Biochem J 81:72-78 ( (Oct) ) 1961;.
Barraclough, C. A.:  Production of Anovulatory, Sterile Rats by Single Injections of Testosterone Propionate , Endocrinology 68:62-67 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Barraclough, C. A., and Gorski, R. A.:  Evidence that Hypothalamus Is Responsible for Androgen-Induced Sterility in Female Rat , Endocrinology 68:68-79 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Bellak, L.: " Schizophrenic Syndrome: Further Elaboration of Unified Theory of Schizophrenia ," in Schizophrenia: Review of Syndrome , edited by L. Bellak, New York: Logos Press, 1958;, pp 3-63.
Bleuler, M.:  Conception of Schizophrenia Within Last 50 Years and Today , Proc Roy Soc Med 56:945-952 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Bogoch, S., et al:  Psychological and Biochemical Syntheses Occurring During Recovery From Psychosis , Amer J Psychiat 119:128-135 ( (Aug) ) 1962;.
Bovard, E. W.:  Concept of Hypothalamic Functioning , Perspect Biol Med 5:52-60 ( (Autumn) ) 1961;.
Bovard, E. W.:  Effects of Early Handling on Viability of Albino Rat , Psychol Rev 65:257-271 ( (Sept) ) 1958;.
Bradley, P. B., et al:  The Maturational and Metabolic Consequences of Neonatal Thyroidectomy Upon Recruiting Response in Rat , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 13:577-586 ( (Aug) ) 1961;.
Brain, L.:  Some Reflections on Brain and Mind , Brain 86:381-402 ( (Sept) ) 1963;.
Burnet, F. M.:  Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity , Nashville , Tenn: Vanderbilt University Press, 1959;.
Clendinnen, B. G., and Eayrs, J. T.:  Anatomical and Physiological Effects of Prenatally Administered Somatotrophin on Cerebral Development in Rats , J Endocr 22:183-193 ( (April) ) 1961;.
Cohen, H.:  Nature, Methods and Purpose of Diagnosis , Lancet 1:23-25 ( (Jan 2) ) 1943;.
David, G. B.: " Pathological Anatomy of Schizophrenias ," in Schizophrenia: Somatic Aspects , edited by D. Richter, London: Pergamon Press, 1959;, pp 93-130.
Davis, J. S., and Bollet, A. J.:  Effects of Antibodies on Mitochondria , J Clin Invest 41:2142-2150 ( (Dec) ) 1962;.
Dean, A. C. R., and Hinshelwood, Sir C.:  Integration of Cell Reactions , Nature 199:7-11 ( (July 6) ) 1963;.
Eayrs, J. T.: " Functional Correlates of Modified Cortical Structure ," in Structure and Function of Cerebral Cortex , edited by D. B. Tower and J. P. Schadé, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1960;, pp 43-50.
Eayrs, J. T.:  Influence of Thyroid on Central Nervous System , Brit Med Bull 16:122-127, 1960;.
 Steroids in Nephrotic Syndrome , editorial, Lancet 2:77-79 ( (July 13) ) 1963;.
Engle, R. L.:  Medical Diagnosis: Present, Past, and Future: III. Diagnosis in Future, Including Critique on Use of Electronic Computers As Diagnostic Aids to Physician , Arch Intern Med (Chicago) 112:530-543 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Everett, H. C.:  Situs Inversus Totalis: Survey of Laterality and Some Observations on Frequency of Mental Disorder , Amer J Psychiat 119:884-885 ( (March) ) 1963;.
Feinstein, A. R.:  Boolean Algebra and Clinical Taxonomy: I. Analytic Syntheses of General Spectrum of Human Disease , New Eng J Med 269:929-938 ( (Oct 31) ) 1963;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Autoimmunity and Mental Illness: Preliminary Report , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 6:320-323 ( (April) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Blood Proteins in Functional Psychoses: Review of Literature and Unifying Hypothesis , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 6:132-148 ( (Feb) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Disturbed Serum Proteins in Chronic Psychosis: Serological, Medic al, and Psychiatric Correlations , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 4:154-159 ( (Feb) ) 1961;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Macroglobulin Elevations in Functional Mental Illness , Nature 193:1005 ( (March 10) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  Mental Stress, Blood Proteins, and Hypothalamus: Experimental Results Showing Effect of Mental Stress Upon 4S and 19S Proteins; Speculation That Functional Behavior Disturbances May Be Expressions of General Metabolic Disorder , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 7:427-435 ( (Dec) ) 1962;.
Fessel, W. J.:  The "Antibrain" Factor in Psychiatric Patients' Sera: I. Further Studies With Hemagglutination System , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 8:614-621 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Fessel, W. J., and Hirata-Hibi, M.:  Abnormal Leukocytes in Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 9:601-613 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Fessel, W. J.; Kurland, H. D.; and Cutler, R. P.:  Serological Distinction Between Functional Psychoses , Arch Intern Med (Chicago) 113:669-672, 1964;.
Frohman, C. E., et al:  Motor Activity in Schizophrenia: Effect on Plasma Factor , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 9:83-88 ( (July) ) 1963;.
Frohman, C. E., et al:  Biochemical Identification of Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 4:404-412 ( (April) ) 1961;.
Geiger, R. S.:  Effects of LSD-25, Serotonin and Sera from Schizophrenic Patients on Adult Mammalian Brain Cultures , J Neuropsychiat 1:185-199 ( (April) ) 1960;.
Gellhorn, E.:  Prolegomena to Theory of Emotions , Perspect Biol Med 4:403-436 ( (Summer) ) 1961;.
Gellhorn, E., and Loofbourrow, G. N.: Emotions and Emotional Disorders: Neurophysiological Study , New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., 1963;.
German, G. A.:  Effect of Serum From Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in Rat , Brit J Psychiat 109:616-623 ( (Sept) ) 1963;.
Gey, K. F., and Pletscher, A.:  Interference of Chlorpromazine With Metabolism of Aromatic Amino-Acids in Rat Brain , Nature 194:387-389 ( (April 28) ) 1962;.
Gibson, J. G.:  Emotions and Thyroid Gland: A Critical Appraisal , J Psychosom Res 6:93-116 ( (April-June) ) 1962;.
Grenell, R. G.: In Molecular Structures and Functional Activity of Nerve Cells , edited by R. G. Grenell, and L. J. Mullins, Baltimore: Waverly Press, Inc., 1956;, p 169.
Guth, P. S.:  Effect of Phenothiazines on Neurohumor-Containing Particles From Mammalian Brain , Fed Proc 21:1100-1102 ( (Nov-Dec) ) 1962;.
Harlow, H. F., and Harlow, M. K.:  The Effect of Rearing Conditions on Behavior , Bull Menninger Clin 26:213-224 ( (Sept) ) 1962;.
Harrington, J. A.:  Acute Stress and Psychiatric Breakdown , Brit J Psychiat 109:485-487 ( (July) ) 1963;.
Herrick, C. J.: Evolution of Human Nature , Austin, Tex: University of Texas Press, 1956;.
Hillman, H. H.; Campbell, W. J.; and McIlwain, H.:  Membrane Potentials in Isolated and Electrically Stimulated Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Effects of Chlorpromazine, Cocaine, Phenobarbitone and Protamine on Tissue's Electrical and Chemical Responses to Stimulation , J Neurochem 10:325-339, 1963;.
Hoff, H.:  Multifactorial Approach in Psychiatry , J Neuropsychiat 1:173-181 ( (April) ) 1960;.
Hoskins, R. G.:  Schizophrenia From Physiological Point of View , Ann Intern Med 7:445-456 ( (Oct) ) 1933;.
Hydén, H., and Hartelius, H.:  Stimulation of the Nucleoprotein-Production in Nerve Cells by Malononitrile and Its Effect on Psychic Functions in Mental Disorders , Acta Psychiat Neurol Scand ( (suppl) ) 48:1-117, 1948;.
Ingle, D. J.: " Some Questions Relating to Role of the Adrenal Cortex in the Etiology of Disease ," in Fifth Annual Report on Stress 1955-1956 , edited by H. Selye and G. Heuser, New York: MD Publications, Inc., 1956;.
Jackson, D. D.: Etiology of Schizophrenia , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960;.
Jasper, H.: " Organic Viewpoint on Mental Disease ," in Integrating the Approaches to Mental Disease , edited by H. D. Kruse, New York: Hoeber Medical Div., Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1957;, p 127.
Judah, J. D.:  Action of Antihistamine and Other Drugs on Ion and Water Movements in Cells and Mitochondria , Fed Proc 21:1097-1099 ( (Nov-Dec) ) 1962;.
Kety, S. S.:  Biochemical Theories of Schizophrenia: Part I ., Science 129:1528-1532 ( (June 5) ) 1959;
Science 129:1590-1596 ( (June 12) ) 1959;.
Khoroshko, V. K.: Quoted by Korenevskaia, V.A.56
Korenevskaia, V. A.:  Immunologisheskie Metody v Izuchenii Nekotorykh Voprosov Etiologii i Patogeneza Schizofrenii (Immunological Methods in Study of Certain Problems of Etiology and Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia) , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 63:910-920 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Kubie, L. S.:  Instincts and Homoeostasis , Psychosom Med 10:15-30 ( (Jan) ) 1948;.
Kurland, H. D., and Fessel, W. J.:  Distinctive Protein Patterns in Functional Psychoses , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:249-251 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Kuznetsova, N. I., and Semenov, S. F.:  Obnaruzhenie Antitel k Mozgu v Syvorotke Bol'nykh Nervno-psikhicheskimi Zabolevaniiami (Detection of Antibrain Antibodies in the Blood Serum of Patients With Neuropsychiatric Diseases) , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 61:869-874 ( (June) ) 1961;.
Leighton, R. S.:  Spinal Abnormalities Encountered on X-Ray Examination in Psychotic Patients , J Nerv Ment Dis 135:171-176 ( (Aug) ) 1962;.
Lidz, T.: " A Psychodynamicist Speaks ," in Integrating the Approaches to Mental Disease , edited by H. D. Kruse, New York: Hoeber Medical Div., Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1957;, p 56.
Maudsley, H.:  Quoted by A. Lewis , J Ment Sci 97:259-277 ( (April) ) 1951;.
Mayer-Gross, W.; Slater, E.; and Roth, M.: Clinical Psychiatry , Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1955;.
McIwain, H.:  New Factors Connecting Metabolic and Electrical Events in Cerebral Tissue , Ass Res Nerv Ment Dis 40:43-56, 1962;.
Modell, A. H.:  Primitive Object Relationships and Predisposition to Schizophrenia , Int J Psychoanal 44:282-292 ( (July) ) 1963;.
Nathan, H. A., and Friedman, W.:  Chlorpromazine Affects Permeability of Resting Cells of Tetrahymena Pyriformis , Science 135:793-794 ( (March 9) ) 1963;.
Nazarov, K. N.:  On Specific Cerebral Antigens and Autosensitization against These Antigens in Series of Mental Diseases , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 62:1211-1218 ( (Aug) ) 1962;.
Overholser, W., and Werkman, S. L.: " Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Pathology ," in Schizophrenia: Review of the Syndrome , edited by L. Bellak, New York: Logos Press, 1958;, pp. 82-106.
Pfeiffer, C. A.:  Sexual Differences of the Hypophyses and Their Determination by Gonads , Amer J Anat 58:195-226 ( (Jan) ) 1936;.
Rees, L.: " Physical Characteristics of Schizophrenic Patient ," in Schizophrenia: Somatic Aspects , edited by D. Richter, London: Pergamon Press, 1957;, pp 1-14.
Reichlin, S.:  Neuroendocrinology , New Eng J Med 269:1182-1191 ( (Nov 28) ) 1963;
269:1246-1250 (Dec 5) 1963
269:1296-1303 (Dec 12) 1963.
Roberts, J. A. F.:  Multifactorial Inheritance in Relation to Normal and Abnormal Human Traits , Brit Med Bull 17:241-246 ( (Sept) ) 1961;.
Schreider, E.:  Some Statistical Aspects of Blood Sugar Regulation , Nature 199:388 ( (July 27) ) 1963;.
Seeman, P. M., and O'Brien, E.:  Sodium-Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase in Schizophrenic Erythrocytes , Nature 200:263-264 ( (Oct 19) ) 1963;.
Segura, E. T.:  Insulin Like Conditioned Hypoglycemic Response in Dogs , Acta Physiol Lat Amer 12:342-345, 1962;.
Selye, H.: Calciphylaxis , Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962;.
Selye, H.; Gabbiani, G.; and Ortega, J-M. R.:  Neurotropic Calciphylaxis , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:271-274 ( (June) ) 1963;.
Shakow, D.:  Segmental Set: A Theory of the Formal Psychological Deficit in Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat (Chicago) 6:1-17 ( (Jan) ) 1962;.
Simpson, G. M.; Cranswick, E. H.; and Blair, J. H.:  Thyroid Indices in Chronic Schizophrenia , J Nerv Ment Dis 137:582-590 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Sobel, D. E.:  Infant Mortality and Malformations in Children of Schizophrenic Women: Preliminary Data and Suggested Research , Psychiat Quart 35:60-65 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Solomon, G. F.: Personal communication to the author.
Sours, J. A.:  Narcolepsy and Other Disturbances in the Sleep-Waking Rhythm: A Study of 115 Cases With Review of the Literature , J Nerv Ment Dis 137:525-542 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Spirtes, M. A., and Guth, P. S.:  Effect of Chlorpromazine on Rat Mitochondrial Membranes , Nature 190:274-275 ( (April 15) ) 1961;.
Spirtos, B. N., and Halmi, N. S.:  Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Rats With Hypothalamic Lesions , Endocrinology 65:669-678 ( (Oct) ) 1959;.
Timiras, P. S., and Woodbury, D. M.:  Effect of Thyroid Activity on Brain Function and Brain Electrolyte Distribution in Rats , Endocrinology 58:181-192 ( (Feb) ) 1956;.
Tower, D. B.: " Molecular Transport Across Neural and Non-Neural Membranes ," in Properties of Membranes and Diseases of Nervous System , edited by D. B. Tower, S. A. Luse, and H. Grundf est, New York: Springer Publishing Co., Inc., 1962;, pp 1-42.
Vaillant, G. E.:  Natural History of Remitting Schizophrenias , Amer J Psychiat 120:367-375 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Vartanian, M. E.:  Immunobiologicheskie Issledovaniia Shizofrenii (Immunobiological Investigations of Schizophrenia) , Zh Nevropat Psikhiat Korsakov 63:457-465 ( (March) ) 1963;.
Vogt, C., and Vogt, O.:  Importance of Neuroanatomy in the Field of Neuropathology , Neurology 1:205-218 ( (May-June) ) 1951;.
Weiss, L.: " Mammalian Tissue Cell Surface ," in Structure and Function of Membranes and Surfaces of Cells , edited by D. J. Bell and J. K. Grant, Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press, 1963;, pp 32-50.
Weiss, P.:  Molecular Reorientation As Unifying Principle Underlying Cellular Sensitivity , Proc Nat Acad Sci 46:993-1000 ( (July) ) 1960;.
Yokoyama, M.; Trams, E. G.; and Brady, R. O.:  Sphingolipid Antibodies in Sera of Animals and Patients With Central Nervous System Lesions , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 111:350-352 ( (Nov) ) 1962;.

Correspondence

CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Submit a Comment

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.