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February 1970, Vol 22, No. 2 >
Article | February 1970

Psychological Effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol

Irene E. Waskow, PhD; James E. Olsson, PhD; Carl Salzman, MD; Martin M. Katz, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication July 29, 1969.

Read in part before the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, PR, Dec 19, 1968.

Reprint requests to Clinical Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs, NIMH, 5454 Wisconsin Ave, Chevy Chase, Md (Dr. Waskow).


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1970;22(2):97-107. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01740260001001
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THE MORE widespread use of marihuana and marihuana-like drugs in the general population and the controversy about their possible harmful, as well as beneficial, effects have led to an increased interest in studying these compounds during the last few years. At the same time, the identification of l-Δ1-3,4 trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as a constituent of marihuana and its synthesis by Gaoni and Mechoulam1,2 have made possible the systematic study of this substance, which is presumed to be the most active element in marihuana (l-Δ1 is also referred to as l-Δ9; l-Δ1 follows terpene nomenclature, which was used by Mechoulam and Gaoni, whereas l-Δ9 follows standard chemical abstracts nomenclature).

The major aim of the present study is the delineation of some of the psychological effects of THC. This paper will deal primarily with the systematic measurement of

REFERENCES

1 +
Gaoni, Y., and Mechoulam, R.:  Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish , J Amer Chem Soc 86:1646-1647, 1964;.
2 +
Mechoulam, R., and Gaoni, Y.:  A Total Synthesis of d 1 Δ1-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Active Constituent of Hashish , J Amer Chem Soc 87:3273-3275, 1965;.
3 +
Katz, M.M.; Waskow, I.E.; and Olsson, J.:  Characterizing the Psychological State Produced by LSD , J Abnorm Psychol 73:1-14, 1968;.
4 +
Isbell, H., et al:  Effects of (-) Δ9-Trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man , Psychopharmacologia 11:184-188, 1967;.
5 +
Isbell, H., et al: " Studies on Tetrahydrocannabinol ," in Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence , National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1967;, pp 4832-4847.
6 +
Hollister, L.E.; Richards, R.K.; and Gillespie, H.K.:  Comparison of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Synhexyl in Man , Clin Pharmacol Ther 9:783-791, 1968;.
7 +
Clyde, D.J.: Manual for the Clyde Mood Scale , Coral Gables, Fla: University of Miami Press, Biometrics Laboratory, 1963;.
8 +
Wechsler, D.:  A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use , J Psychol 19:87-95, 1945;.
9 +
Winer, B.J.: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1962;.
10 +
Ebel, R.L.:  Estimations of the Reliability of Ratings , Psychometrika 16:407-424, 1951;.
11 +
Greenhouse, S.W., and Geisser, S.:  On Methods in the Analysis of Profile Data , Psychometrika 24:95-112, 1959;.
12 +
Allentuck, S.: " Symptoms and Behavior ," in the Marihuana Problem in the City of New York , Mayor's Committee on Marihuana, Lancaster, Pa: Jacques Cattell Press, 1944;, pp 35-64.
13 +
Garattini, S.: " Effects of a Cannabis Extract on Gross Behavior ," in Wolstenholme, G.E.W., and Knight, J.C. (eds.): Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology , Boston; Little, Brown & Co., 1965;, pp 70-82.
14 +
Miras, C.J.: " Some Aspects of Cannabis Action ," in Wolstenholme, G.E.W., and Knight, J.C. (eds.): Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1965;, pp 37-53.
15 +
Holtzman, D., et al:  1 (-) Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol: Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects in the Mouse , Science 163:1464-1467, 1969;.
16 +
Schildkraut, J., and Efron, D.: The Effects of THC on the Metabolism of Norepinephrine H3 in the Rat Brain, read before the symposium "Marihuana and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)" at the meetings of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, PR, Dec 19, 1968.
17 +
Halpern, F.: " Intellectual Functioning ," in The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York , Mayor's Committee on Marihuana, Lancaster, Pa: Jacques Cattell Press, 1944;, pp 81-106.
18 +
Weil, A.T.; Zinberg, N.E.; and Nelsen, J.M.:  Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man , Science 162:1234-1242, 1968;.
19 +
Becker, H.S.: " Marihuana: A Sociological Overview ," in Solomon, D. (ed.): The Marihuana Papers , New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1966;, pp 33-65.

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1 +
Gaoni, Y., and Mechoulam, R.:  Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish , J Amer Chem Soc 86:1646-1647, 1964;.
2 +
Mechoulam, R., and Gaoni, Y.:  A Total Synthesis of d 1 Δ1-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Active Constituent of Hashish , J Amer Chem Soc 87:3273-3275, 1965;.
3 +
Katz, M.M.; Waskow, I.E.; and Olsson, J.:  Characterizing the Psychological State Produced by LSD , J Abnorm Psychol 73:1-14, 1968;.
4 +
Isbell, H., et al:  Effects of (-) Δ9-Trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man , Psychopharmacologia 11:184-188, 1967;.
5 +
Isbell, H., et al: " Studies on Tetrahydrocannabinol ," in Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence , National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1967;, pp 4832-4847.
6 +
Hollister, L.E.; Richards, R.K.; and Gillespie, H.K.:  Comparison of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Synhexyl in Man , Clin Pharmacol Ther 9:783-791, 1968;.
7 +
Clyde, D.J.: Manual for the Clyde Mood Scale , Coral Gables, Fla: University of Miami Press, Biometrics Laboratory, 1963;.
8 +
Wechsler, D.:  A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use , J Psychol 19:87-95, 1945;.
9 +
Winer, B.J.: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1962;.
10 +
Ebel, R.L.:  Estimations of the Reliability of Ratings , Psychometrika 16:407-424, 1951;.
11 +
Greenhouse, S.W., and Geisser, S.:  On Methods in the Analysis of Profile Data , Psychometrika 24:95-112, 1959;.
12 +
Allentuck, S.: " Symptoms and Behavior ," in the Marihuana Problem in the City of New York , Mayor's Committee on Marihuana, Lancaster, Pa: Jacques Cattell Press, 1944;, pp 35-64.
13 +
Garattini, S.: " Effects of a Cannabis Extract on Gross Behavior ," in Wolstenholme, G.E.W., and Knight, J.C. (eds.): Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology , Boston; Little, Brown & Co., 1965;, pp 70-82.
14 +
Miras, C.J.: " Some Aspects of Cannabis Action ," in Wolstenholme, G.E.W., and Knight, J.C. (eds.): Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1965;, pp 37-53.
15 +
Holtzman, D., et al:  1 (-) Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol: Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects in the Mouse , Science 163:1464-1467, 1969;.
16 +
Schildkraut, J., and Efron, D.: The Effects of THC on the Metabolism of Norepinephrine H3 in the Rat Brain, read before the symposium "Marihuana and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)" at the meetings of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, PR, Dec 19, 1968.
17 +
Halpern, F.: " Intellectual Functioning ," in The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York , Mayor's Committee on Marihuana, Lancaster, Pa: Jacques Cattell Press, 1944;, pp 81-106.
18 +
Weil, A.T.; Zinberg, N.E.; and Nelsen, J.M.:  Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man , Science 162:1234-1242, 1968;.
19 +
Becker, H.S.: " Marihuana: A Sociological Overview ," in Solomon, D. (ed.): The Marihuana Papers , New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1966;, pp 33-65.

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