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Childhood Depression: Title and subTitle BreakClinical Characteristics of Overtly Depressed Children

Elva Poznanski, MD; Joel P. Zrull, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication Nov 12, 1969.

Reprint requests to Children's Psychiatric Hospital, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich 48104 (Dr. Poznanski).


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1970;23(1):8-15. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750010010004
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THE existence of depression as a clinical entity before adolescence is far from accepted. The tendency is to regard depression in children as being "masked" or expressed in behavioral equivalents rather than directly observable.

Our impression is that affective depression is seen clinically in children, although it is not always described. In order to determine whether affective depression in children was being recorded in the Out-Patient Department of Children's Psychiatric Hospital, we reviewed the case records from 1964 to 1968 coded as having depressive symptomatology. From these an attempt was made to: (1) find clinical correlates which would aid in the recognition of depression in children and (2) find common denominators to further expand the growing knowledge about childhood depression relevant to the child's age, behavioral pattern, past history, and family relationships (Table).

Rie's1 review of depression in childhood lead him to state, "The familiar manifestations of adult, nonpsychotic

REFERENCES

Rie HE:  Depression in childhood: A survey of some pertinent contributions . J Amer Acad Child Psychiat 5:653-685, 1966;.
 Supplement on Depression . Amer J Psychiat 124:( (May) ) 1968;.
Glaser K:  Masked depression in children and adolescents . Amer J Psychothera 21:565-574, 1967;.
Toolan JM:  Depression in children and adolescents . Amer J Orthopsychiat 32:404-414, 1962;.
Bierman J, Silverman A, Finesinger J:  A depression in a 6-year-old boy with acute poliomyelitis . Psychoanal Study Child 13:430-450, 1958;.
Sandler J, Joffe WG:  Notes on childhood depression . Int J Psychoanal 46:88-96, 1965;.
Arthur B, Kemme M:  Bereavement in childhood . J Child Psychol Psychiat 5:37-49, 1964;.
Cain A, Fast I:  Children's disturbed reactions to parent suicide . Amer J Orthopsychiat 36:872-880, 1966;.
Spitz R:  Anaclitic depression . Psychoanal Stud Child 2:313-342, 1946;.
Fast I:  Some relationships of infantile selfboundary due to depression : Int J Psychoanal 48:259-266, 1967;.
Frommer E:  Depressive illness in childhood . Brit J Psychiat 2:117-136, 1968;.
Burks H, Harrision S:  Aggressive behavior as a means of avoiding depression . Amer J Orthopsychiat 32:3, 1962;.
Greer S:  The relationships between parental loss and attempted suicide: A control study . Brit J Psychiat 110( (468) ):698-705, 1964;.
Bruhn, J:  Broken homes among attempted suicides and psychiatric outpatients . J Ment Sci 108:772-779, 1962;.
Kaufman C:  Depression in monkeys separated from mother . Science 155:1030-1031, 1967;.

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Rie HE:  Depression in childhood: A survey of some pertinent contributions . J Amer Acad Child Psychiat 5:653-685, 1966;.
 Supplement on Depression . Amer J Psychiat 124:( (May) ) 1968;.
Glaser K:  Masked depression in children and adolescents . Amer J Psychothera 21:565-574, 1967;.
Toolan JM:  Depression in children and adolescents . Amer J Orthopsychiat 32:404-414, 1962;.
Bierman J, Silverman A, Finesinger J:  A depression in a 6-year-old boy with acute poliomyelitis . Psychoanal Study Child 13:430-450, 1958;.
Sandler J, Joffe WG:  Notes on childhood depression . Int J Psychoanal 46:88-96, 1965;.
Arthur B, Kemme M:  Bereavement in childhood . J Child Psychol Psychiat 5:37-49, 1964;.
Cain A, Fast I:  Children's disturbed reactions to parent suicide . Amer J Orthopsychiat 36:872-880, 1966;.
Spitz R:  Anaclitic depression . Psychoanal Stud Child 2:313-342, 1946;.
Fast I:  Some relationships of infantile selfboundary due to depression : Int J Psychoanal 48:259-266, 1967;.
Frommer E:  Depressive illness in childhood . Brit J Psychiat 2:117-136, 1968;.
Burks H, Harrision S:  Aggressive behavior as a means of avoiding depression . Amer J Orthopsychiat 32:3, 1962;.
Greer S:  The relationships between parental loss and attempted suicide: A control study . Brit J Psychiat 110( (468) ):698-705, 1964;.
Bruhn, J:  Broken homes among attempted suicides and psychiatric outpatients . J Ment Sci 108:772-779, 1962;.
Kaufman C:  Depression in monkeys separated from mother . Science 155:1030-1031, 1967;.

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