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January 1971, Vol 24, No. 1 >
Article | January 1971

Resting Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations in Patients With Depression and Anxiety

Richard J. Wyatt, MD; Barry Portnoy, MD; David J. Kupfer, MD; Frederick Snyder, MD; Karl Engelman, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication March 10, 1970.

Reprint requests to Laboratory of Clinical Psychobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bldg 10, Room 3N222, Bethesda, Md 20014 (Dr. Wyatt).


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1971;24(1):65-70. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070067009
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The total resting plasma catecholamine concentration from 13 drugfree, depressed patients was found to be significantly elevated over concentrations from 47 normal controls. Differential determinations of epinephrine and norepinephrine revealed that both catecholamine components were elevated in the Patients. The literature on norepinephrine concentrations in brain, spinal fluid, and urinary excretion was reviewed and indicated that rather than being decreased, norepinephrine has been found to be either unchanged or increased in depressed patients.

REFERENCES

1 +
Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM:  Norepinephrine in depressive reaction . Arch Gen Psychiat 13:483-494, 1965;.
2 +
Schildkraut JJ:  The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Amer J Psychiat 122:509-522, 1965;.
3 +
Engelman K, Portnoy B, Lovenberg W:  A sensitive and specific double-isotope derivative method for the determination of catecholamines in biological specimens . Amer J Med Sci 255:259-268, 1968;.
4 +
Wyatt RJ, Kupfer DJ:  A 14symptom behavior and mood rating scale for longitudinal patient evaluation by nurses . Psychol Rep 23:1331-1334, 1968;.
5 +
Mendels J, Hawkins DR:  Sleep and depression: A controlled EEG study . Arch Gen Psychiat 16:344-354, 1967;.
6 +
Snyder F:  Electrographic studies of sleep in depression , in Kline NS, Laska E (eds): Computers and Electronic Devices in Psychiatry . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1968;, pp 272-303.
7 +
Dement WC, Kleitman N:  Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming . Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690, 1957;.
8 +
Engelman K, Portnoy B:  A sensative double isotope derivative assay for norepinephrine and epinephrine: Normal resting human plasma levels . Circ Res 26:53-57, 1970;.
9 +
Seigel S: Non-Parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Science . New York, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1956;.
10 +
Manger WM, Schwarz BE, Baars CW, et al:  Epinephrine and arterenol (norepinephrine) in mental disease . Arch Neurol Psychiat 78:396-412, 1957;.
11 +
Reilly J, Regan PF:  Plasma catechol amines in psychiatric patients . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:377-388, 1957;.
12 +
Malmo RB, Shagass C, Davis JF:  Electromyographic studies of muscular tension in psychiatric patients under stress . J Clin Exper Psychopath 12:45-66, 1951;.
13 +
Watmore GB, Ellis RM:  Further neurophysiologic aspects of depressed states . Arch Gen Psychiat 6:243-254, 1962;.
14 +
Sachar EJ:  Corticosteroids in depressive illness. II. A longitudinal psychoendocrine study . Arch Gen Psychiat 17:554-567, 1967;.
15 +
Davis J, Morrill R, Fawcett J, et al:  Apprehension and elevated serum cortisol levels . J Psychosom Res 6:83-86, 1962;.
16 +
Coppen AJ, Mezey AG:  Metabolic effect of venipuncture in man . J Psychosom Res 5:56-59, 1960;.
17 +
Cannon WB: Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage . New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1915;.
18 +
Elmadjian E, Hope JM, Lamson ET:  Excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine in various emotional states . J Clin Endocr 17:608-620, 1957;.
19 +
Mason JW, Mangan G Jr, Brady JV, et al:  Concurrent plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid emotional disturbances in monkeys . Psychosom Med 23:344-353, 1961;.
20 +
Graham LA, Cohen SI, Shmavonian BM:  Some methodological approaches to the psychophysiological correlates of behavior , in Levi L (ed): Emotional Stress . New York, Elsevier Publishing Co, 1967;, pp 178-191.
21 +
Coppen A:  The biochemistry of affective disorders . Brit J Psychiat 113:1237-1264, 1967;.
22 +
Mandell AJ, Spooner CE:  Psychochemical research studies in man . Science 162:1442-1453, 1968;.
23 +
Dewhurst WB:  New theory of central amine function and its clinical application . Nature 218:1130-1133, 1968;.
24 +
Curtis GC, Cleghorn RA, Sourkes TL:  The relationship between affect and the excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 17-hydroxycorti-costeroids . J Psychosom Res 4:176-184, 1960;.
25 +
Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM, Weil-Malherbe H, et al:  Biochemical changes in psychotic depression . Arch Gen Psychiat 16:448-460, 1967;.
26 +
Perez-Reyes M: Differences in the capacity of the sympathetic and endocrine systems of depressed patients to react to a physiological stress. Read before the Workshop on Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Williamsburg, Va, 1969.
27 +
Weil-Malherbe H, Alexrod J, Tomchick R:  Blood-brain barrier for adrenaline . Science 129:1226-1227, 1959;.
28 +
Glowinski J, Kopin IJ, Alexrod J:  Metabolism of H3-norepinephrine in the rat brain . J Neurochem 12:25-30, 1965;.
29 +
Deneker SJ, Hägendal J, Malmo U:  Noradrenaline content of cerebrospinal fluid in mental diseases . Lancet 2:754, 1966;.
30 +
Bourne HR, Israels MCG:  Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in hindbrains of suicidal patients . Lancet 2:805-808, 1968;.
31 +
Pare CMB, et al:  5-Hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brainstem, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus of controls and of patients committing suicide by coalgas poisoning . Lancet 2:133-135, 1969;.
32 +
Shaw DM, Camps FE, Eccleston EG:  5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hind-brain of depressive suicides . Brit J Psychiat 113:1407-1411, 1967;.
33 +
Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM, Carpenter WT Jr, et al: Brain serotonin and depressive illness. Read before the Workshop on Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Williamsburg, Va, 1969.
34 +
Engelman K, Horwitz D, Jéquier E, et al:  Biochemical and pharmacologic effects of alpha methylpara-tyrosine in man . J Clin Invest 47:577-594, 1968;.
35 +
Rosenblatt S, Chanley JD, Leighton W:  The investigation of adrenergic metabolism with 7H3-norepinephrine in psychiatric disorders-II . J Psychiat Res 6:321-333, 1968;.
36 +
Prange AJ, Wilson IC, Rabon AM, et al:  Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone . Amer J Psychiat 126:39-51, 1969;.
37 +
Schachter S:  Anxiety and behaviour , in Spielberger CD (ed): The Interaction of Cognitive and Psysiological Determinants of Emotional State . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1966;, pp 193-225.

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1 +
Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM:  Norepinephrine in depressive reaction . Arch Gen Psychiat 13:483-494, 1965;.
2 +
Schildkraut JJ:  The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Amer J Psychiat 122:509-522, 1965;.
3 +
Engelman K, Portnoy B, Lovenberg W:  A sensitive and specific double-isotope derivative method for the determination of catecholamines in biological specimens . Amer J Med Sci 255:259-268, 1968;.
4 +
Wyatt RJ, Kupfer DJ:  A 14symptom behavior and mood rating scale for longitudinal patient evaluation by nurses . Psychol Rep 23:1331-1334, 1968;.
5 +
Mendels J, Hawkins DR:  Sleep and depression: A controlled EEG study . Arch Gen Psychiat 16:344-354, 1967;.
6 +
Snyder F:  Electrographic studies of sleep in depression , in Kline NS, Laska E (eds): Computers and Electronic Devices in Psychiatry . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1968;, pp 272-303.
7 +
Dement WC, Kleitman N:  Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming . Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690, 1957;.
8 +
Engelman K, Portnoy B:  A sensative double isotope derivative assay for norepinephrine and epinephrine: Normal resting human plasma levels . Circ Res 26:53-57, 1970;.
9 +
Seigel S: Non-Parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Science . New York, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1956;.
10 +
Manger WM, Schwarz BE, Baars CW, et al:  Epinephrine and arterenol (norepinephrine) in mental disease . Arch Neurol Psychiat 78:396-412, 1957;.
11 +
Reilly J, Regan PF:  Plasma catechol amines in psychiatric patients . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:377-388, 1957;.
12 +
Malmo RB, Shagass C, Davis JF:  Electromyographic studies of muscular tension in psychiatric patients under stress . J Clin Exper Psychopath 12:45-66, 1951;.
13 +
Watmore GB, Ellis RM:  Further neurophysiologic aspects of depressed states . Arch Gen Psychiat 6:243-254, 1962;.
14 +
Sachar EJ:  Corticosteroids in depressive illness. II. A longitudinal psychoendocrine study . Arch Gen Psychiat 17:554-567, 1967;.
15 +
Davis J, Morrill R, Fawcett J, et al:  Apprehension and elevated serum cortisol levels . J Psychosom Res 6:83-86, 1962;.
16 +
Coppen AJ, Mezey AG:  Metabolic effect of venipuncture in man . J Psychosom Res 5:56-59, 1960;.
17 +
Cannon WB: Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage . New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1915;.
18 +
Elmadjian E, Hope JM, Lamson ET:  Excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine in various emotional states . J Clin Endocr 17:608-620, 1957;.
19 +
Mason JW, Mangan G Jr, Brady JV, et al:  Concurrent plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid emotional disturbances in monkeys . Psychosom Med 23:344-353, 1961;.
20 +
Graham LA, Cohen SI, Shmavonian BM:  Some methodological approaches to the psychophysiological correlates of behavior , in Levi L (ed): Emotional Stress . New York, Elsevier Publishing Co, 1967;, pp 178-191.
21 +
Coppen A:  The biochemistry of affective disorders . Brit J Psychiat 113:1237-1264, 1967;.
22 +
Mandell AJ, Spooner CE:  Psychochemical research studies in man . Science 162:1442-1453, 1968;.
23 +
Dewhurst WB:  New theory of central amine function and its clinical application . Nature 218:1130-1133, 1968;.
24 +
Curtis GC, Cleghorn RA, Sourkes TL:  The relationship between affect and the excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 17-hydroxycorti-costeroids . J Psychosom Res 4:176-184, 1960;.
25 +
Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM, Weil-Malherbe H, et al:  Biochemical changes in psychotic depression . Arch Gen Psychiat 16:448-460, 1967;.
26 +
Perez-Reyes M: Differences in the capacity of the sympathetic and endocrine systems of depressed patients to react to a physiological stress. Read before the Workshop on Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Williamsburg, Va, 1969.
27 +
Weil-Malherbe H, Alexrod J, Tomchick R:  Blood-brain barrier for adrenaline . Science 129:1226-1227, 1959;.
28 +
Glowinski J, Kopin IJ, Alexrod J:  Metabolism of H3-norepinephrine in the rat brain . J Neurochem 12:25-30, 1965;.
29 +
Deneker SJ, Hägendal J, Malmo U:  Noradrenaline content of cerebrospinal fluid in mental diseases . Lancet 2:754, 1966;.
30 +
Bourne HR, Israels MCG:  Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in hindbrains of suicidal patients . Lancet 2:805-808, 1968;.
31 +
Pare CMB, et al:  5-Hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brainstem, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus of controls and of patients committing suicide by coalgas poisoning . Lancet 2:133-135, 1969;.
32 +
Shaw DM, Camps FE, Eccleston EG:  5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hind-brain of depressive suicides . Brit J Psychiat 113:1407-1411, 1967;.
33 +
Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM, Carpenter WT Jr, et al: Brain serotonin and depressive illness. Read before the Workshop on Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Williamsburg, Va, 1969.
34 +
Engelman K, Horwitz D, Jéquier E, et al:  Biochemical and pharmacologic effects of alpha methylpara-tyrosine in man . J Clin Invest 47:577-594, 1968;.
35 +
Rosenblatt S, Chanley JD, Leighton W:  The investigation of adrenergic metabolism with 7H3-norepinephrine in psychiatric disorders-II . J Psychiat Res 6:321-333, 1968;.
36 +
Prange AJ, Wilson IC, Rabon AM, et al:  Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone . Amer J Psychiat 126:39-51, 1969;.
37 +
Schachter S:  Anxiety and behaviour , in Spielberger CD (ed): The Interaction of Cognitive and Psysiological Determinants of Emotional State . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1966;, pp 193-225.

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