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October 1960, Vol 3, No. 4 >
Article | October 1960

Injury to the Limbic System and Associated Structures in Cats: Title and subTitle BreakChronic Behavioral and Physiological Effects

A. KLING, M.D.; J. ORBACH, Ph.D.; N. B. SCHWARTZ, Ph.D.; J. C. TOWNE, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication May 17, 1960.

Supported in part by Research Grant M-1442, National Institute of Mental Health, United States Public Health Service, and in part by the State of Illinois Mental Health Fund Grant 1711.


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1960;3(4):391-420. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1960.01710040061010
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Comments

Studies of the limbic system have shown that a remarkably wide spectrum of activities can be influenced by the function of structures comprising this system. Responses in the following spheres are said to be affected by rhinencephalic stimulation and injury18: emotional expression, endocrine function, autonomic reactivity, feeding, sexual expression, metabolism, EEG, and learning of approach and avoidance and memory.12,57,65,74 The foregoing is based upon studies of a variety of species and of different parts of the limbic system. Since the pioneering studies of Kluver and Bucy,35 research programs have developed in the direction of fractionating the "temporal lobe syndrome" into elementary functional parts, parcellation of rhinencephalic tissue according to elementary function, and interrelation of topographic parts with subcortical and neocortical tissue.25,31,49,57,59

With respect to the topographic localization of elementary functions, there have been attempts to establish functional subdivisions

REFERENCES

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Adey, W. R., and Meyer, M.:  Hippocampal and Hypothalamic Connexions of the Temporal Lobe in the Monkey , Brain 75:358-383, 1952;.
2 +
Allen, W. F.:  Fiber Degeneration in Ammon's Horn Resulting from Extirpations of the Piriform and other Cortical Areas and from Transections of the Horn at Various Levels , J. Comp. Neurol. 88:425-438, 1948;.
3 +
Anand, B. K., and Brobeck, J. R.:  Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake in Rats and Cats , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 24:123-140, 1951;.
4 +
Anand, B. K.; Dua, S., and Shoenberg, K.:  Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake in Cats and Monkeys , J. Physiol. 127:143-152, 1955;.
5 +
Anderson, E.; Rioch, D. Mck., and Haymaker, W.:  Disturbances in Blood Sugar Regulation in Animals Subjected to Transection of the Brain Stem , Acta neuroveg. 5:132-164, 1952;.
6 +
Bard, P., and Mountcastle, V. B.:  Some Forebrain Mechanisms Involved in Expression of Rage with Special Reference to Suppression of Angry Behavior , Res. Publ. A Nerv. Ment. Dis. 27:362-404, 1948;.
7 +
Bernard, C.: Lecons sur la physiologie et de pathologie du systeme nerveux , Vol. 1, Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1858;.
8 +
Bodian, D.  Studies on the Diencephalon of the Virginia Opossum: II. The Fiber Connections in Normal and Experimental Material , J. Comp. Neurol. 72:207-284, 1940;.
9 +
Bodganove, E. M., and Halmi, N. S.:  Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions and Subsequent Propylthiouracil Treatment on Pituitary Structure and Function in the Rat , Endocrinology 53:274-292, 1953;.
10 +
Bond, D. D.; Randt, C. T.; Bidder, G. T., and Rowland, V.:  Posterior Septal, Fornical, and Anterior Thalamic Lesions in the Cat , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:143-162, 1957;.
11 +
Brady, J. V., and Nauta, W. J. H.:  Subcortical Mechanisms in Emotional Behavior: Affective Changes Following Septal Forebrain Lesions in the Albino Rat , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 46:339-346, 1953;.
12 +
Brady, J. V.; Schreiner, L.; Geller, I., and Kling, A.:  Subcortical Mechanisms in Emotional Behavior: The Effects of Rhinencephalic Injury upon the Acquisition and Retention of a Conditioned Avoidance Response in Cats , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 47:179-186, 1954;.
13 +
Brobeck, J. R.; Tepperman, I., and Long, C. N. H.:  Experimental Hypothalamic Hyperphagia in the Albino Rat , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 15:831-853, 1943;.
14 +
Bunn, J. P., and Everett, J. W.:  Ovulation in Persistent-Estrous Rats after Electrical Stimulation of the Brain , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 96:369-371, 1957;.
15 +
Davidson, J. M., and Ganong, W. F.:  The Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Testes and Prostrate of Male Dogs , Endocrinology 66:480-488, 1960;.
16 +
Donhoffer, C., and Macleod, J. J. R.:  Studies in the Nervous Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism , Proc. Roy. Soc., B., London 110:125-141, 1932;.
17 +
Elwers, M., and Critchlow, V.:  Precocious Ovarian Stimulation Following Hypothalamic and Amygdaloid Lesions in Rats , Am. J. Physiol. 198:381-385, 1960;.
18 +
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19 +
Feindel, W., and Gloor, P.:  Comparison of Electrographic Effects of Stimulation of the Amygdala and Brain Stem Reticular Formation in Cats , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 6:389-402, 1954;.
20 +
Fox, C. A.:  Certain Basal Telencephalic Centers in the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 72:1-62, 1940;.
21 +
Fox, C. A.:  The Stria Terminalis, Longitudinal Association Bundle and Precommissural Fornix Fibers in the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 79:277-293, 1943;.
22 +
Fulton, J. F.: Physiology of the Nervous System , New York, Oxford University Press, 1949;.
23 +
Gastaut, H.; Naquet, R.; Vigoroux, R., and Corriol, J.:  Provocation de comportements emotionnels divers par stimulation rhinencephalique chez le chat avec électrodes á demeure , Rev. neurol. 86:319-327, 1952;.
24 +
Green, J. D.: The Rhinencephalon and Behavior, in Neurological Basis of Behavior, Ciba Symposium, Boston, Little Brown & Company, 1958.
25 +
Green, J. D.; Clemente, C. D., and de Groot, J.:  Rhinencephalic Lesions and Behavior in the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 180:505-545, 1957;.
26 +
Greer, M. A., and Yamada, T.: Effect of Bilateral Ablation of the Amygda a on Endocrine Function in the Rat, Atlantic City, Program, 41st meeting, Endocrine Society, 1959, p. 82.
27 +
Harris, G. W.:  The Function of the Pituitary Stalk , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 97:358-375, 1955;.
28 +
Heath, R. G.:  Behavioral Changes Following Destructive Lesions in the Subcortical Structure of the Forebrain in Cats , in R. G. Heath et al., Studies in Schizophrenia , Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1954;.
29 +
Jasper, H. H., and Ajmone-Marsan, C.: A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Diencephalon of the Cat , Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, 1955;.
30 +
Kaada, B. R.:  Somato-motor, Autonomic and Electrocorticographic Responses to Electrical Stimulation of "Rhinencephalic" and other Structures in Primates, Cat and Dog , Acta physiol. scandinav. ( (Supp. 83) ) 24:1-285, 1951;.
31 +
Kaada, B. R., and Bursin, H.:  Functional Localization Within the Amygdaloid Complex , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 7:1-20, 1960;. .
32 +
Kaada, B. R.; Anderson, P., and Jansen, J., Jr.:  Stimulation of the Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex in Unanesthetized Cats , Neurology 4:48-64, 1954;.
33 +
Kappers, C. U.; Huber, G. C., and Crosby, E. C.: The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1936;.
34 +
Keller, A. D.:  A Transitory Decrease in Glucose Tolerance Following Experimental Lesions in the Central Nervous System , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62:318-319, 1946;.
35 +
Kluver, H., and Bucy, P. C.:  Preliminary Analysis of Functions of the Temporal Lobes in Monkeys , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 42:979-1000, 1939;.
36 +
Kling, A.: Unpublished observations.
37 +
Kling, A., and Hutt, P. J.:  Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Amygdala Syndrome in Cat , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 79:511-517, 1958;.
38 +
Koikegami, H.; Fuse, S.; Hiroki, S.; Kazami, T., and Kogeyama, Y.:  On the Inhibitory Effect upon the Growth of Infant Animals or on the Obesity in Adult Cat Induced by Bilateral Destruction of the Amygdaloid Nuclear Region , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 12:207-223, 1958;.
39 +
Koikegami, H.; Dodo, T.; Mochida, Y., and Takahashi, H.:  Stimulation Experiments on the Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex and Related Structures: Effects upon the Renal Volume, Urinary Secretion, Movements of the Urinary Bladder, Blood Pressure, and Respiratory Movements , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 11:157-206, 1957;.
40 +
Koikegami, H.; Kimoto, A., and Kito, C.:  Studies on the Amygdaloid Nuclei and Periamygdaloid Cortex: Experiments on the Influence of the Stimulation upon Motility of Small Intestine and Blood Pressure , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 7:87-108, 1953;.
41 +
Koikegami, H.; Kushiro, H., and Kimoto, A.:  Studies on the Functions and Fiber Connections of the Amygdaloid Nuclei and Body Temperature in Cat , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 6:79-93, 1952;.
42 +
Koikegami, H.; Yamada, T., and Usui, K.  Stimulation of Amygdaloid Nuclei and Periamygdaloid Cortex with Special Reference to Its Effects on Uterine Movements and Ovulation , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 8:7-31, 1954;.
43 +
Law, T., and Meagher, W.:  Hypothalamic Lesions and Sexual Behavior in the Female Rat , Science 128:1626-1627, 1958;.
44 +
Mac Lean, P. D.:  Psychosomatic Disease and the "Visceral Brain": Recent Developments on the Papez Theory of Emotion , Psychosom. Med. 11:338-353, 1949;.
45 +
Mac Lean, P. D.:  The Limbic System with Respect to Two Basic Life Principles , in The Central Nervous System and Behavior , edited by M. A. Brazier, Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, 1959;.
46 +
Mac Lean, P. D., and Delgado, J. M. . R.:  Electrical and Chemical Stimulation of Fronto-Temporal Portion of Limbic System in the Waking Animal , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 5:91-100, 1953;.
47 +
Mason, J. W.:  Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Levels during Electrical Stimulation of the Amygdaloid Complex in Conscious Monkeys , Am. J. Physiol. 196:44-48, 1959;.
48 +
Mason, J. W.; Nauta, W. J. H.; Brady, J. V., and Robinson, J. A.: Limbic System Influences on the Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical System, Atlantic City, Program, 41st meeting, Endocrine Society, 1959, p. 29.
49 +
Mishkin, M.:  Visual Discrimination Performance Following Partial Ablations of the Temporal Lobe: II. Ventral Surface vs. Hippocampus , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 47:187-193, 1954;.
50 +
Morgane, P. J., and Kosman, A. J.:  Alterations in Feline Behavior Following Bilateral Amygdalectomy , Nature, London 180:598-600, 1957;.
51 +
Nauta, W. J. H.:  An Experimental Study of the Fornix System in the Rat , J. Comp. Neurol. 104:247-272, 1956;.
52 +
Nauta, W. J. H., and Valenstein, E.:  Some Projections of the Amygdaloid Complex in the Monkey , Anat. Rec. 130:346, 1958;.
53 +
Nauta, W. J. H., and Whitlock, D. G.:  An Anatomical Analysis of the Non-Specific Thalamic Projection System , in Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness , edited by J. F. Delafresnaye, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1954;.
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Schwartz, N. B.; Kling, A., and Flapan, M.: Unpublished observations.
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75 +
Wheatley, M. D.:  The Hypothalamus and Affective Behavior in Cats , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 52:296-316, 1944;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Adey, W. R., and Meyer, M.:  Hippocampal and Hypothalamic Connexions of the Temporal Lobe in the Monkey , Brain 75:358-383, 1952;.
2 +
Allen, W. F.:  Fiber Degeneration in Ammon's Horn Resulting from Extirpations of the Piriform and other Cortical Areas and from Transections of the Horn at Various Levels , J. Comp. Neurol. 88:425-438, 1948;.
3 +
Anand, B. K., and Brobeck, J. R.:  Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake in Rats and Cats , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 24:123-140, 1951;.
4 +
Anand, B. K.; Dua, S., and Shoenberg, K.:  Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake in Cats and Monkeys , J. Physiol. 127:143-152, 1955;.
5 +
Anderson, E.; Rioch, D. Mck., and Haymaker, W.:  Disturbances in Blood Sugar Regulation in Animals Subjected to Transection of the Brain Stem , Acta neuroveg. 5:132-164, 1952;.
6 +
Bard, P., and Mountcastle, V. B.:  Some Forebrain Mechanisms Involved in Expression of Rage with Special Reference to Suppression of Angry Behavior , Res. Publ. A Nerv. Ment. Dis. 27:362-404, 1948;.
7 +
Bernard, C.: Lecons sur la physiologie et de pathologie du systeme nerveux , Vol. 1, Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1858;.
8 +
Bodian, D.  Studies on the Diencephalon of the Virginia Opossum: II. The Fiber Connections in Normal and Experimental Material , J. Comp. Neurol. 72:207-284, 1940;.
9 +
Bodganove, E. M., and Halmi, N. S.:  Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions and Subsequent Propylthiouracil Treatment on Pituitary Structure and Function in the Rat , Endocrinology 53:274-292, 1953;.
10 +
Bond, D. D.; Randt, C. T.; Bidder, G. T., and Rowland, V.:  Posterior Septal, Fornical, and Anterior Thalamic Lesions in the Cat , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:143-162, 1957;.
11 +
Brady, J. V., and Nauta, W. J. H.:  Subcortical Mechanisms in Emotional Behavior: Affective Changes Following Septal Forebrain Lesions in the Albino Rat , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 46:339-346, 1953;.
12 +
Brady, J. V.; Schreiner, L.; Geller, I., and Kling, A.:  Subcortical Mechanisms in Emotional Behavior: The Effects of Rhinencephalic Injury upon the Acquisition and Retention of a Conditioned Avoidance Response in Cats , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 47:179-186, 1954;.
13 +
Brobeck, J. R.; Tepperman, I., and Long, C. N. H.:  Experimental Hypothalamic Hyperphagia in the Albino Rat , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 15:831-853, 1943;.
14 +
Bunn, J. P., and Everett, J. W.:  Ovulation in Persistent-Estrous Rats after Electrical Stimulation of the Brain , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 96:369-371, 1957;.
15 +
Davidson, J. M., and Ganong, W. F.:  The Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Testes and Prostrate of Male Dogs , Endocrinology 66:480-488, 1960;.
16 +
Donhoffer, C., and Macleod, J. J. R.:  Studies in the Nervous Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism , Proc. Roy. Soc., B., London 110:125-141, 1932;.
17 +
Elwers, M., and Critchlow, V.:  Precocious Ovarian Stimulation Following Hypothalamic and Amygdaloid Lesions in Rats , Am. J. Physiol. 198:381-385, 1960;.
18 +
Field, J.: Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 1, Neurophysiology , Vol. II, Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1960;, Chaps. 47, 49,. 55, 56, 58.
19 +
Feindel, W., and Gloor, P.:  Comparison of Electrographic Effects of Stimulation of the Amygdala and Brain Stem Reticular Formation in Cats , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 6:389-402, 1954;.
20 +
Fox, C. A.:  Certain Basal Telencephalic Centers in the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 72:1-62, 1940;.
21 +
Fox, C. A.:  The Stria Terminalis, Longitudinal Association Bundle and Precommissural Fornix Fibers in the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 79:277-293, 1943;.
22 +
Fulton, J. F.: Physiology of the Nervous System , New York, Oxford University Press, 1949;.
23 +
Gastaut, H.; Naquet, R.; Vigoroux, R., and Corriol, J.:  Provocation de comportements emotionnels divers par stimulation rhinencephalique chez le chat avec électrodes á demeure , Rev. neurol. 86:319-327, 1952;.
24 +
Green, J. D.: The Rhinencephalon and Behavior, in Neurological Basis of Behavior, Ciba Symposium, Boston, Little Brown & Company, 1958.
25 +
Green, J. D.; Clemente, C. D., and de Groot, J.:  Rhinencephalic Lesions and Behavior in the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 180:505-545, 1957;.
26 +
Greer, M. A., and Yamada, T.: Effect of Bilateral Ablation of the Amygda a on Endocrine Function in the Rat, Atlantic City, Program, 41st meeting, Endocrine Society, 1959, p. 82.
27 +
Harris, G. W.:  The Function of the Pituitary Stalk , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 97:358-375, 1955;.
28 +
Heath, R. G.:  Behavioral Changes Following Destructive Lesions in the Subcortical Structure of the Forebrain in Cats , in R. G. Heath et al., Studies in Schizophrenia , Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1954;.
29 +
Jasper, H. H., and Ajmone-Marsan, C.: A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Diencephalon of the Cat , Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, 1955;.
30 +
Kaada, B. R.:  Somato-motor, Autonomic and Electrocorticographic Responses to Electrical Stimulation of "Rhinencephalic" and other Structures in Primates, Cat and Dog , Acta physiol. scandinav. ( (Supp. 83) ) 24:1-285, 1951;.
31 +
Kaada, B. R., and Bursin, H.:  Functional Localization Within the Amygdaloid Complex , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 7:1-20, 1960;. .
32 +
Kaada, B. R.; Anderson, P., and Jansen, J., Jr.:  Stimulation of the Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex in Unanesthetized Cats , Neurology 4:48-64, 1954;.
33 +
Kappers, C. U.; Huber, G. C., and Crosby, E. C.: The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1936;.
34 +
Keller, A. D.:  A Transitory Decrease in Glucose Tolerance Following Experimental Lesions in the Central Nervous System , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62:318-319, 1946;.
35 +
Kluver, H., and Bucy, P. C.:  Preliminary Analysis of Functions of the Temporal Lobes in Monkeys , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 42:979-1000, 1939;.
36 +
Kling, A.: Unpublished observations.
37 +
Kling, A., and Hutt, P. J.:  Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Amygdala Syndrome in Cat , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 79:511-517, 1958;.
38 +
Koikegami, H.; Fuse, S.; Hiroki, S.; Kazami, T., and Kogeyama, Y.:  On the Inhibitory Effect upon the Growth of Infant Animals or on the Obesity in Adult Cat Induced by Bilateral Destruction of the Amygdaloid Nuclear Region , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 12:207-223, 1958;.
39 +
Koikegami, H.; Dodo, T.; Mochida, Y., and Takahashi, H.:  Stimulation Experiments on the Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex and Related Structures: Effects upon the Renal Volume, Urinary Secretion, Movements of the Urinary Bladder, Blood Pressure, and Respiratory Movements , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 11:157-206, 1957;.
40 +
Koikegami, H.; Kimoto, A., and Kito, C.:  Studies on the Amygdaloid Nuclei and Periamygdaloid Cortex: Experiments on the Influence of the Stimulation upon Motility of Small Intestine and Blood Pressure , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 7:87-108, 1953;.
41 +
Koikegami, H.; Kushiro, H., and Kimoto, A.:  Studies on the Functions and Fiber Connections of the Amygdaloid Nuclei and Body Temperature in Cat , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 6:79-93, 1952;.
42 +
Koikegami, H.; Yamada, T., and Usui, K.  Stimulation of Amygdaloid Nuclei and Periamygdaloid Cortex with Special Reference to Its Effects on Uterine Movements and Ovulation , Folia psychiat. et neurol. japon. 8:7-31, 1954;.
43 +
Law, T., and Meagher, W.:  Hypothalamic Lesions and Sexual Behavior in the Female Rat , Science 128:1626-1627, 1958;.
44 +
Mac Lean, P. D.:  Psychosomatic Disease and the "Visceral Brain": Recent Developments on the Papez Theory of Emotion , Psychosom. Med. 11:338-353, 1949;.
45 +
Mac Lean, P. D.:  The Limbic System with Respect to Two Basic Life Principles , in The Central Nervous System and Behavior , edited by M. A. Brazier, Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, 1959;.
46 +
Mac Lean, P. D., and Delgado, J. M. . R.:  Electrical and Chemical Stimulation of Fronto-Temporal Portion of Limbic System in the Waking Animal , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 5:91-100, 1953;.
47 +
Mason, J. W.:  Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Levels during Electrical Stimulation of the Amygdaloid Complex in Conscious Monkeys , Am. J. Physiol. 196:44-48, 1959;.
48 +
Mason, J. W.; Nauta, W. J. H.; Brady, J. V., and Robinson, J. A.: Limbic System Influences on the Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical System, Atlantic City, Program, 41st meeting, Endocrine Society, 1959, p. 29.
49 +
Mishkin, M.:  Visual Discrimination Performance Following Partial Ablations of the Temporal Lobe: II. Ventral Surface vs. Hippocampus , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 47:187-193, 1954;.
50 +
Morgane, P. J., and Kosman, A. J.:  Alterations in Feline Behavior Following Bilateral Amygdalectomy , Nature, London 180:598-600, 1957;.
51 +
Nauta, W. J. H.:  An Experimental Study of the Fornix System in the Rat , J. Comp. Neurol. 104:247-272, 1956;.
52 +
Nauta, W. J. H., and Valenstein, E.:  Some Projections of the Amygdaloid Complex in the Monkey , Anat. Rec. 130:346, 1958;.
53 +
Nauta, W. J. H., and Whitlock, D. G.:  An Anatomical Analysis of the Non-Specific Thalamic Projection System , in Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness , edited by J. F. Delafresnaye, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1954;.
54 +
Nelson, N.:  A Photometric Adaptation of the Somogyi Method for the Determination of Glucose , J. Biol. Chem. 153:375-380, 1944;.
55 +
Nelson, D. H., and Samuels, L. T.:  A Method for the Determination of 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids in Blood: 17-Hydroxycorticosterone in the Peripheral Circulation , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 12:519-526, 1952;.
56 +
Orbach, J., and Fantz, R. L.:  Differential Effects of Temporal Neocortical Resections on Overtrained and Non-Overtrained Visual Habits in Monkeys , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51: 126-129, 1958;.
57 +
Orbach, J.; Milner, B.; and Rasmussen, T.:   Disturbances in Learning and Retention Following Bilateral Resections of the Amygdala-Hypocampus Complex in Monkeys , Arch. Neurol. , 1960;, in press.
58 +
Papez, J. W.:  A Proposed Mechanism of Emotion , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 38:725-743, 1937;.
59 +
Pribram, K. H., and Kruger, L.:  Functions of the "Olfactory Brain," Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 58:109-138, 1954;.
60 +
Roe, J. H., and Kuether, C. A.:  The Determinations of Ascorbic Acid in Whole Blood and Urine through the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivative of Dehydro-ascorbic Acid , J. Biol. Chem. 147:399-407, 1943;.
61 +
Rothfield, L., and Harmon, P. J.:  On the Relation of the Hippocampal-Fornix System to the Control of Rage Responses in Cats , J. Comp. Neurol. 101:265-282, 1954;.
62 +
Schreiner, L., and Kling, A.:  Behavioral Changes Following Rhinencephalic Injury in Cat , J. Neurophysiol. 16:643-659, 1953;.
63 +
Schreiner, L., and Kling, A.:  Effects of Castration on Hypersexual Behavior Induced by Rhinencephalic Injury in Cat , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 72:180-186, 1954;.
64 +
Schreiner, L.; Rioch, D. Mck.; Pechtel, C., and Masserman, J. H.:  Behavioral Changes Following Thalamic Injury in Cat , J. Neurophysiol. 16:234-246, 1953;.
65 +
Scoville, W. B., and Milner, B.:  Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions , J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiat. 20:11-21, 1957;.
66 +
Schwartz, N. B., and Kling, A.:  Stress-Induced Adrenal Ascorbic Acid Depletion in the Cat , Endocrinology 66:308-310, 1960;.
67 +
Schwartz, N. B.; Kling, A., and Flapan, M.: Unpublished observations.
68 +
Selye, H.:  The Effect of Adaptation to Various Damaging Agents on the Female Sex Organs in the Rat , Endocrinology 25:615-624, 1939;.
69 +
Shealy, C. N., and Peele, T. L.:  Studies on Amygdaloid Nucleus of Cat , J. Neurophysiol. 20:125-139, 1957;.
70 +
Somogyi, M.:  A New Reagent for the Determination of Sugars , J. Biol. Chem. 160:61-68, 1945;.
71 +
Terzian, H., and Ore, G. D.:  Syndrome of Kluver and Bucy Reproduced in Man by Bilateral Removal of the Temporal Lobes , Neurology 5:375-380, 1955;.
72 +
Velardo, J. T.: The Endocrinology of Reproduction , New York, Oxford University Press, 1958;.
73 +
Votaw, C. L.:  Study of Septal Stimulation and Ablation in the Macaque Monkey , Neurology 10:202-209, 1960;.
74 +
Weiskrantz, L.:  Behavioral Changes Associated with Ablation of the Amygdaloid Complex in Monkeys , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 49:381-391, 1956;.
75 +
Wheatley, M. D.:  The Hypothalamus and Affective Behavior in Cats , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 52:296-316, 1944;.

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