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August 1983, Vol 40, No. 8 >
Article | August 1983

Intensive Individual Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia: Title and subTitle BreakA Review of Techniques

Thomas H. McGlashan, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication Sept 30, 1982.

Reprint requests to Chestnut Lodge Research Institute, 500 W Montgomery Ave, Rockville, MD 20850 (Dr McGlashan).


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40(8):909-920. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070099013
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Comments

• I reviewed the substantial psychiatric literature on the technical strategies of intensive individual psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Numerous issues were covered: the nature of intensive psychotherapy and the nature of schizophrenia from the psychotherapist's point of view, elements of the treatment situation, general technical attitudes, general technical interventions (establishing a relationship, elucidating, tolerating, integrating, and working through), special technical interventions with specific symptoms and resistances, and a final brief discussion of mutative mechanisms.

REFERENCES

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2 +
Jung CG:  The psychology of dementia praecox , in Brill AA (ed): Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs . New York, Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co, 1936;, vol 3.
3 +
Meyer A:  The evolution of the dementia praecox concept , in Winters EE (ed): Collected Papers . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951;, vol 2.
4 +
Sullivan HS: Schizophrenia as a Human Process . New York, WW Norton & Co Inc, 1962;.
5 +
Fromm-Reichmann F: Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy . Chicago, Phoenix Books, 1967;.
6 +
McGlashan TH:  Psychotherapy and the DSM III schizophrenias . J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;;120:752-757.
7 +
Mullahy PF:  Harry Stack Sullivan , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 1, pp 748-774.
8 +
Schulz CG:  An individual psychotherapeutic approach with the schizophrenic patient . Schizophr Bull 1975;;1:46-69.
9 +
Pao P: Schizophrenic Disorders . New York, International Universities Press, 1979;.
10 +
Orne M:  Psychotherapy in contemporary America: Its development and context , in Arieti S (ed): American Handbook of Psychiatry , ed 2. New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;, vol 5, pp 3-33.
11 +
Karasu TB:  Psychotherapies: An overview . Am J Psychiatry 1977;; 134:851-863.
12 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia: Psychological treatment , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 2, pp 1217-1240.
13 +
Lidz T: The Origin and Treatment of Schizophrenic Disorders . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1973;.
14 +
Arieti S: Interpretation of Schizophrenia . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;.
15 +
Arieti S:  An overview of schizophrenia from a predominantly psychological approach . Am J Psychiatry 1974;;131:241-249.
16 +
Adler G:  The psychotherapy of schizophrenia: Semrad's contributions to current psychoanalytic concepts . Schizophr Bull 1979;;5:130-137.
17 +
Fromm-Reichmann F:  Notes on the development of treatment of schizophrenics by psychoanalytic psychotherapy . Psychiatry 1948;;11:263-273.
18 +
Bion WR: Second Thoughts . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1967;, pp 36-42, 43-64, 93-109.
19 +
Searles HF: Collected Papers on Schizophrenia and Related Subjects . New York, International Universities Press, 1965;, pp 521-559, 654-716.
20 +
Grotstein JS:  The pscyhoanalytic concept of schizophrenia: I. The dilemma . Int J Psychoanal 1977;;58:403-425.
21 +
GrotsteinJS:  The psychoanalytic concept of schizophrenia: II. Reconciliation . Int J Psychoanal 1977;;58:427-452.
22 +
Rosenfeld H:  Notes on the psychoanalytic treatment of psychotic states , in Chiland C (ed): Long-term Treatments of Psychotic States . New York, Human Sciences Press, 1977;, pp 202-216.
23 +
Arieti S:  Psychotherapy of schizophrenia: New or revised procedures . Am J Psychother 1980;;34:464-476.
24 +
Hill LB: Psychotherapeutic Intervention in Schizophrenia . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1955;.
25 +
Gedo JE, Goldberg A: Models of the Mind . Chicago, Phoenix Books, 1976;.
26 +
Giovacchini P: Treatment of Primitive Mental States . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1979;.
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28 +
Fromm-Reichmann F:  Psychotherapy of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1954;;111:410-419.
29 +
May PRA, Simpson GM:  Schizophrenia: Overview of treatment methods , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 2, pp 1192-1216.
30 +
Rosenfeld H: Psychotic States . New York, International Universities Press, 1966;, pp 155-168.
31 +
Rosenfeld H:  On the treatment of psychotic states by psychoanalysis: An historical approach . Int J Psychoanal 1969;;50:615-631.
32 +
Giovacchini P:  Psychoanalytic treatment of character disorders , in Boyer LB, Giovacchini PL (eds): Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenic, Borderline and Characterological Disorders . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;, pp 209-234.
33 +
London NJ:  An essay on psychoanalytic theory: Two theories of schizophrenia: I. Review and critical assessment of the development of the two theories . Int J Psychoanal 1973;;54:169-193.
34 +
Jacobs L:  A cognitive approach to persistent delusions . Am J Psychother 1980;;34:556-563.
35 +
Jacobs L: Cognitive therapy for schizophrenia in remission. Read before the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, May 11, 1981.
36 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia: The problem of origins , in Romasin J (ed): The Origins of Schizophrenia . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1967;, pp 214-227.
37 +
Abelin E:  Some further observations and comments on the earliest role of the father . Int J Psychoanal 1975;;56:293-302.
38 +
Stanton AH:  The significance of ego interpretive states in insightdirected psychotherapy . Psychiatry 1978;;41:129-140.
39 +
Burnham DL, Gladstone AI, Gibson RW: Schizophrenia and the Need-Fear Dilemma . New York, International Universities Press, 1969;.
40 +
Gunderson JG, Moser LR (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1975;.
41 +
Gunderson JG:  Individual psychotherapy , in Bellak L (ed): Disorders of the Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1979;.
42 +
Lidz T:  The developing guidelines to the psychotherapy of schizophrenia , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TW, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 217-226.
43 +
Day M, Semrad E:  Schizophrenic reactions , in Nicholi A (ed): The Harvard Guide to Modern Psychiatry . Cambridge, Mass, Belknap Press, 1978;, pp 199-241.
44 +
Schur M: The Id and the Regulatory Principles of Mental Functioning . New York, International Universities Press, 1966;, p 21.
45 +
Boyer LB:  Working with the borderline patient . Psychoanal Q 1977;;46:386-424.
46 +
Bellak L, Loeb L: The Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969;, pp 343-377.
47 +
Gunderson JG:  Patient-therapist matching: A research evaluation . Am J Psychiatry 1978;;135:1193-1197.
48 +
Bellak L:  Enabling conditions for the ambulatory psychotherapy of acute schizophrenics , in Karasu TB, Bellak L (eds): Specialized Techniques in Individual Psychotherapy . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1980;, pp 76-84.
49 +
Boyer LB:  Office treatment of schizophrenic patients: The use of psychoanalytic treatment with few parameters , in Boyer LB, Giovacchini PL (eds): Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenic, Borderline and Characterological Disorders . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;, pp 129-170.
50 +
McGlashan TH:  Aphanisis: The syndrome of pseudo-depression in chronic schizophrenia . Schizophr Bull 1982;;8:118-134.
51 +
Karasu TB:  General principles of psychotherapy , in Karasu TB, Bellak L (eds): Specialized Techniques in Individual Psychotherapy . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1980;, pp 33-44.
52 +
Rako S, Mazer H (eds): Semrad: The Heart of a Therapist . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;.
53 +
Khantzian EJ, Dalsimer JS, Semrad EV:  The use of interpretation in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia . Am J Psychother 1968;;23:182-197.
54 +
Searles HF: The Nonhuman Environment . New York, International Universities Press, 1960;.
55 +
Will OA:  Comments on the 'elements' of schizophrenia, psychotherapy and the schizophrenic person , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TM, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 157-166.
56 +
Searles HF:  Psychoanalytic therapy with schizophrenic patients in a private-practice context , in Countertransference . New York, International Universities Press, 1979;, pp 582-602.
57 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia and psychotherapy , in Marmor J (ed): Modern Psychoanalysis . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1968;, pp 551-573.
58 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia—psychological treatment , in Freedman AM, Kaplan HI (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1967;, pp 649-661.
59 +
Thompson SV:  Some considerations regarding psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy . Natl Assoc Priv Psychiatr Hosp 1981;;12:34-39.
60 +
Knight R:  Psychotherapy of an adolescent catatonic schizophrenic with mutism . Psychiatry 1946;;9:323-341.
61 +
Burnham D:  Varieties of reality restructuring in schizophrenia , in Cancro R (ed): The Schizophrenic Reactions: A Critique of the Concept, Hospital Treatment, and Current Research . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1970;, pp 197-214.
62 +
Benedetti G:  Individual psychotherapy of schizophrenia . Schizophr Bull 1980;;6:633-638.
63 +
Rubins JL:  Five-year results of psychoanalytic therapy and day care for acute schizophrenic patients . Am J Psychoanal 1976;;36:3-26.
64 +
Ogden TH:  On the nature of schizophrenic conflict . Int J Psychoanal 1980;;61:513-533.
65 +
Arieti S:  Individual psychotherapy of schizophrenia , in Arieti S (ed): American Handbook of Psychiatry , ed 2. New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;, vol 3, pp 627-651.
66 +
Eissler KR:  Remarks on the psychoanalysis of schizophrenia , in Brody EG, Redlich FC (eds): Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics . New York, International Universities Press, 1952;, pp 130-167.
67 +
Feinsilver DB:  Transitional relatedness and containment in the treatment of a chronic schizophrenic patient . Int Rev Psychoanal 1980;;7:309-318.
68 +
Wexler M:  The structural problem in schizophrenia: The role of the internal object , in Brody EG, Redlich FC (eds): Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics . New York, International Universities Press, 1952;, pp 179-201.
69 +
Rosen J: Direct Analysis . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1953;.
70 +
Semrad EV:  Long-term therapy of schizophrenia: Formulation of the clinical approach , in Usdin GL (ed): Psychoneurosis and Schizophrenia . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1966;, pp 155-173.
71 +
Volkan V: Primitive Internalized Object Relations . New York, International Universities Press, 1976;.
72 +
Eissler KR:  Notes upon the emotionality of a schizophrenic patient and its relation to problems of technique . Psychoanal Study Child 1953;;8:199-251.
73 +
Semrad EV, Zaslow SL:  Assisting psychotic patients to recompensate . Ment Hosp (July) 1964;, pp 361-366.
74 +
Grotstein J:  Psychoanalytic therapy of schizophrenia , in West LF, Flinn DE (eds): Treatment of Schizophrenia: Progress and Prospects . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1976;, pp 131-145.
75 +
Winnicott DW: The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment . New York, International Universities Press, 1965;, pp 140-152.
76 +
Giovacchini P:  Primitive agitation and primal confusion , in Boyer LB, Giovacchini PL (eds): Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenic, Borderline and Characterological Disorders . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;, pp 301-340.
77 +
Segal H:  Notes on the psychoanalytic treatment of psychotic states , in Chiland C (ed): Long-term Treatments of Psychotic States . New York, Human Sciences Press, 1977;, pp 217-223.
78 +
Giovacchini P:  The influence of interpretation upon schizophrenic patients . Int J Psychoanal 1969;;50:179-186.
79 +
Stanton AH:  Insight and self observation , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TW, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 131-144.
80 +
McGlashan TH, Levy ST, Carpenter WT:  Integration and sealing over: Clinically distinct recovery styles from schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;;32:1269-1272.
81 +
Levy ST, McGlashan TH, Carpenter WT:  Integration and sealing over as recovery styles from acute psychosis: Metapsychological and dynamic concepts . J Nerv Ment Dis 1975;;161:307-312.
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McGlashan TH, Docherty JP, Siris S:  Integrative and sealing-over recoveries from schizophrenia: Distinguishing case studies . Psychiatry 1976;;39:325-338.
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Meissner WW: The Paranoid Process . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1978;.
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McGlashan TH, Carpenter WT:  Postpsychotic depression in schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;;33:231-239.
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Fleck S:  Some observations on the nature and value of psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TW, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 55-63.
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Walker JI, Brodie HK:  Paranoid disorders , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 2, pp 1288-1300.
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Bullard DM:  Psychotherapy of paranoid patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1960;;2:137-141.
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Malin A, Grotstein JS:  Projective identification in the therapeutic process . Int J Psychoanal 1966;;47:26-31.
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Leowald H:  On the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis . Int J Psychoanal 1960;;41:16-33.
90 +
Hoedemaker E:  The therapeutic process in the treatment of schizophrenia . J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1955;;1:89-109.
91 +
Hoedemaker E:  Preanalytic preparation for the therapeutic process of schizophrenia . Psychiatry 1958;;21:285-291.
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Ekstein R:  Vicissitudes of the 'internal image' in the recovery of a borderline schizophrenic adolescent . Bull Menninger Clin 1955;;19:86-92.
93 +
Strachey J:  The nature of the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis . Int J Psychoanal 1934;;15:127-159.

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1 +
Freud S:  Psychoanalytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia , in Strachey J (ed): Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud . London, Hogarth Press, 1971;, vol 12, pp 3-82.
2 +
Jung CG:  The psychology of dementia praecox , in Brill AA (ed): Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs . New York, Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co, 1936;, vol 3.
3 +
Meyer A:  The evolution of the dementia praecox concept , in Winters EE (ed): Collected Papers . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951;, vol 2.
4 +
Sullivan HS: Schizophrenia as a Human Process . New York, WW Norton & Co Inc, 1962;.
5 +
Fromm-Reichmann F: Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy . Chicago, Phoenix Books, 1967;.
6 +
McGlashan TH:  Psychotherapy and the DSM III schizophrenias . J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;;120:752-757.
7 +
Mullahy PF:  Harry Stack Sullivan , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 1, pp 748-774.
8 +
Schulz CG:  An individual psychotherapeutic approach with the schizophrenic patient . Schizophr Bull 1975;;1:46-69.
9 +
Pao P: Schizophrenic Disorders . New York, International Universities Press, 1979;.
10 +
Orne M:  Psychotherapy in contemporary America: Its development and context , in Arieti S (ed): American Handbook of Psychiatry , ed 2. New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;, vol 5, pp 3-33.
11 +
Karasu TB:  Psychotherapies: An overview . Am J Psychiatry 1977;; 134:851-863.
12 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia: Psychological treatment , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 2, pp 1217-1240.
13 +
Lidz T: The Origin and Treatment of Schizophrenic Disorders . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1973;.
14 +
Arieti S: Interpretation of Schizophrenia . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;.
15 +
Arieti S:  An overview of schizophrenia from a predominantly psychological approach . Am J Psychiatry 1974;;131:241-249.
16 +
Adler G:  The psychotherapy of schizophrenia: Semrad's contributions to current psychoanalytic concepts . Schizophr Bull 1979;;5:130-137.
17 +
Fromm-Reichmann F:  Notes on the development of treatment of schizophrenics by psychoanalytic psychotherapy . Psychiatry 1948;;11:263-273.
18 +
Bion WR: Second Thoughts . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1967;, pp 36-42, 43-64, 93-109.
19 +
Searles HF: Collected Papers on Schizophrenia and Related Subjects . New York, International Universities Press, 1965;, pp 521-559, 654-716.
20 +
Grotstein JS:  The pscyhoanalytic concept of schizophrenia: I. The dilemma . Int J Psychoanal 1977;;58:403-425.
21 +
GrotsteinJS:  The psychoanalytic concept of schizophrenia: II. Reconciliation . Int J Psychoanal 1977;;58:427-452.
22 +
Rosenfeld H:  Notes on the psychoanalytic treatment of psychotic states , in Chiland C (ed): Long-term Treatments of Psychotic States . New York, Human Sciences Press, 1977;, pp 202-216.
23 +
Arieti S:  Psychotherapy of schizophrenia: New or revised procedures . Am J Psychother 1980;;34:464-476.
24 +
Hill LB: Psychotherapeutic Intervention in Schizophrenia . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1955;.
25 +
Gedo JE, Goldberg A: Models of the Mind . Chicago, Phoenix Books, 1976;.
26 +
Giovacchini P: Treatment of Primitive Mental States . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1979;.
27 +
Fromm-Reichmann F:  Remarks on the philosophy of mental disorder . Psychiatry 1946;;9:293-308.
28 +
Fromm-Reichmann F:  Psychotherapy of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1954;;111:410-419.
29 +
May PRA, Simpson GM:  Schizophrenia: Overview of treatment methods , in Kaplan HI, Freedman AM, Sadock BJ (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1980;, vol 2, pp 1192-1216.
30 +
Rosenfeld H: Psychotic States . New York, International Universities Press, 1966;, pp 155-168.
31 +
Rosenfeld H:  On the treatment of psychotic states by psychoanalysis: An historical approach . Int J Psychoanal 1969;;50:615-631.
32 +
Giovacchini P:  Psychoanalytic treatment of character disorders , in Boyer LB, Giovacchini PL (eds): Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenic, Borderline and Characterological Disorders . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;, pp 209-234.
33 +
London NJ:  An essay on psychoanalytic theory: Two theories of schizophrenia: I. Review and critical assessment of the development of the two theories . Int J Psychoanal 1973;;54:169-193.
34 +
Jacobs L:  A cognitive approach to persistent delusions . Am J Psychother 1980;;34:556-563.
35 +
Jacobs L: Cognitive therapy for schizophrenia in remission. Read before the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, May 11, 1981.
36 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia: The problem of origins , in Romasin J (ed): The Origins of Schizophrenia . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1967;, pp 214-227.
37 +
Abelin E:  Some further observations and comments on the earliest role of the father . Int J Psychoanal 1975;;56:293-302.
38 +
Stanton AH:  The significance of ego interpretive states in insightdirected psychotherapy . Psychiatry 1978;;41:129-140.
39 +
Burnham DL, Gladstone AI, Gibson RW: Schizophrenia and the Need-Fear Dilemma . New York, International Universities Press, 1969;.
40 +
Gunderson JG, Moser LR (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1975;.
41 +
Gunderson JG:  Individual psychotherapy , in Bellak L (ed): Disorders of the Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1979;.
42 +
Lidz T:  The developing guidelines to the psychotherapy of schizophrenia , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TW, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 217-226.
43 +
Day M, Semrad E:  Schizophrenic reactions , in Nicholi A (ed): The Harvard Guide to Modern Psychiatry . Cambridge, Mass, Belknap Press, 1978;, pp 199-241.
44 +
Schur M: The Id and the Regulatory Principles of Mental Functioning . New York, International Universities Press, 1966;, p 21.
45 +
Boyer LB:  Working with the borderline patient . Psychoanal Q 1977;;46:386-424.
46 +
Bellak L, Loeb L: The Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969;, pp 343-377.
47 +
Gunderson JG:  Patient-therapist matching: A research evaluation . Am J Psychiatry 1978;;135:1193-1197.
48 +
Bellak L:  Enabling conditions for the ambulatory psychotherapy of acute schizophrenics , in Karasu TB, Bellak L (eds): Specialized Techniques in Individual Psychotherapy . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1980;, pp 76-84.
49 +
Boyer LB:  Office treatment of schizophrenic patients: The use of psychoanalytic treatment with few parameters , in Boyer LB, Giovacchini PL (eds): Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenic, Borderline and Characterological Disorders . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;, pp 129-170.
50 +
McGlashan TH:  Aphanisis: The syndrome of pseudo-depression in chronic schizophrenia . Schizophr Bull 1982;;8:118-134.
51 +
Karasu TB:  General principles of psychotherapy , in Karasu TB, Bellak L (eds): Specialized Techniques in Individual Psychotherapy . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1980;, pp 33-44.
52 +
Rako S, Mazer H (eds): Semrad: The Heart of a Therapist . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;.
53 +
Khantzian EJ, Dalsimer JS, Semrad EV:  The use of interpretation in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia . Am J Psychother 1968;;23:182-197.
54 +
Searles HF: The Nonhuman Environment . New York, International Universities Press, 1960;.
55 +
Will OA:  Comments on the 'elements' of schizophrenia, psychotherapy and the schizophrenic person , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TM, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 157-166.
56 +
Searles HF:  Psychoanalytic therapy with schizophrenic patients in a private-practice context , in Countertransference . New York, International Universities Press, 1979;, pp 582-602.
57 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia and psychotherapy , in Marmor J (ed): Modern Psychoanalysis . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1968;, pp 551-573.
58 +
Will OA:  Schizophrenia—psychological treatment , in Freedman AM, Kaplan HI (eds): Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1967;, pp 649-661.
59 +
Thompson SV:  Some considerations regarding psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy . Natl Assoc Priv Psychiatr Hosp 1981;;12:34-39.
60 +
Knight R:  Psychotherapy of an adolescent catatonic schizophrenic with mutism . Psychiatry 1946;;9:323-341.
61 +
Burnham D:  Varieties of reality restructuring in schizophrenia , in Cancro R (ed): The Schizophrenic Reactions: A Critique of the Concept, Hospital Treatment, and Current Research . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1970;, pp 197-214.
62 +
Benedetti G:  Individual psychotherapy of schizophrenia . Schizophr Bull 1980;;6:633-638.
63 +
Rubins JL:  Five-year results of psychoanalytic therapy and day care for acute schizophrenic patients . Am J Psychoanal 1976;;36:3-26.
64 +
Ogden TH:  On the nature of schizophrenic conflict . Int J Psychoanal 1980;;61:513-533.
65 +
Arieti S:  Individual psychotherapy of schizophrenia , in Arieti S (ed): American Handbook of Psychiatry , ed 2. New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;, vol 3, pp 627-651.
66 +
Eissler KR:  Remarks on the psychoanalysis of schizophrenia , in Brody EG, Redlich FC (eds): Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics . New York, International Universities Press, 1952;, pp 130-167.
67 +
Feinsilver DB:  Transitional relatedness and containment in the treatment of a chronic schizophrenic patient . Int Rev Psychoanal 1980;;7:309-318.
68 +
Wexler M:  The structural problem in schizophrenia: The role of the internal object , in Brody EG, Redlich FC (eds): Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics . New York, International Universities Press, 1952;, pp 179-201.
69 +
Rosen J: Direct Analysis . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1953;.
70 +
Semrad EV:  Long-term therapy of schizophrenia: Formulation of the clinical approach , in Usdin GL (ed): Psychoneurosis and Schizophrenia . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1966;, pp 155-173.
71 +
Volkan V: Primitive Internalized Object Relations . New York, International Universities Press, 1976;.
72 +
Eissler KR:  Notes upon the emotionality of a schizophrenic patient and its relation to problems of technique . Psychoanal Study Child 1953;;8:199-251.
73 +
Semrad EV, Zaslow SL:  Assisting psychotic patients to recompensate . Ment Hosp (July) 1964;, pp 361-366.
74 +
Grotstein J:  Psychoanalytic therapy of schizophrenia , in West LF, Flinn DE (eds): Treatment of Schizophrenia: Progress and Prospects . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1976;, pp 131-145.
75 +
Winnicott DW: The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment . New York, International Universities Press, 1965;, pp 140-152.
76 +
Giovacchini P:  Primitive agitation and primal confusion , in Boyer LB, Giovacchini PL (eds): Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenic, Borderline and Characterological Disorders . New York, Jason Aronson Inc, 1980;, pp 301-340.
77 +
Segal H:  Notes on the psychoanalytic treatment of psychotic states , in Chiland C (ed): Long-term Treatments of Psychotic States . New York, Human Sciences Press, 1977;, pp 217-223.
78 +
Giovacchini P:  The influence of interpretation upon schizophrenic patients . Int J Psychoanal 1969;;50:179-186.
79 +
Stanton AH:  Insight and self observation , in Strauss JS, Bowers M, Downey TW, et al (eds): Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia . New York, Plenum Press, 1980;, pp 131-144.
80 +
McGlashan TH, Levy ST, Carpenter WT:  Integration and sealing over: Clinically distinct recovery styles from schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;;32:1269-1272.
81 +
Levy ST, McGlashan TH, Carpenter WT:  Integration and sealing over as recovery styles from acute psychosis: Metapsychological and dynamic concepts . J Nerv Ment Dis 1975;;161:307-312.
82 +
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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