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Akathisia Variants and Tardive Dyskinesia

Mark R. Munetz, MD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43(10):1015-1015. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800100109017
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To the Editor.—  The article by Barnes and Braude1 and the comment by Stahl2 are significant contributions to our understanding of the phenomenology of akathisia and the relationship between that disorder and tardive dyskinesia. In addressing the question "Is akathisia a movement disorder or a mental disorder?" Stahl suggests that the answer is both. We agree. However, this does not address the critical question of whether the movement-disorder component of akathisia is of a voluntary or involuntary nature. Viewing akathisia as a disorder of voluntary movement allows for an answer to Stahl's subsequent question of whether an examiner can distinguish abnormal dyskinetic movement from abnormal restless movements of akathisia. Thus, we have suggested that akathisia and tardive dyskinesia can be distinguished by discerning both the extent of subjective distress and the voluntary nature of the movements.3 By most definitions, patients with akathisia experience subjectively distressing inner restlessness.

REFERENCES

Barnes TRE, Braude WM:  Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:874-878.
Stahl FM:  Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:915-917.
Munetz MR, Cornes CL:  Distinguishing akathisia and tardive dyskinesia: A review of the literature . J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983;;3:343-350.
Bliss J, edited by Cohen DJ, Freedman DX:  Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;;37:1343-1347.
Munetz MR, Cornes CL:  Akathisia, pseudoakathisia and tardive dyskinesia: Clinical examples . Compr Psychiatry 1982;;23:345-352.

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Barnes TRE, Braude WM:  Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:874-878.
Stahl FM:  Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:915-917.
Munetz MR, Cornes CL:  Distinguishing akathisia and tardive dyskinesia: A review of the literature . J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983;;3:343-350.
Bliss J, edited by Cohen DJ, Freedman DX:  Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;;37:1343-1347.
Munetz MR, Cornes CL:  Akathisia, pseudoakathisia and tardive dyskinesia: Clinical examples . Compr Psychiatry 1982;;23:345-352.

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