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October 1987, Vol 44, No. 10 >
Article | October 1987

Tardive Dyskinesia and Steady-State Serum Levels of Thiothixene

Jerome A. Yesavage, MD; Elizabeth Decker Tanke, PhD; Javaid I. Sheikh, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication March 31, 1987.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (TD-114), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 (Dr Yesavage).


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44(10):913-915. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800220085012
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• The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between serum levels of the neuroleptic agent thiothixene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenics of a wide age range. Forty-one male schizophrenic subjects, 21 with tardive dyskinesia and 20 without, were given a fixed dosage of thiothixene hydrochloride (10 mg orally four times daily) after a drug-free period of one week. Higher steady-state serum levels of thiothixene (obtained after five days of a fixed-dosage schedule) were associated with greater degrees of tardive dyskinesia. This relationship was independent of the relationship between tardive dyskinesia and age.

REFERENCES

1 +
Crane GE:  Tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with major neuroleptics: A review of the literature . Am J Psychiatry 1968;;124( (suppl) ):40-48.
2 +
Smith RC, Tamminga CA, Harascti J, Pandr GN, Davis TM:  Effects of dopamine agonist in tardive dyskinesia . Am J Psychiatry 1977;;134:763-768.
3 +
Jeste DV, Potkin SG, Sinha S, Feder SL, Wyatt RJ:  Tardive dyskinesia: Reversible and persistent . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;;36:585-590.
4 +
Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ: Understanding and Treating Tardive Dyskinesia . New York, Guilford Press, 1982;.
5 +
Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman J, Kinon B:  Tardive dyskinesia , in Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ (eds): Neuropsychiatric Movement Disorders . Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1984;, pp 98-118.
6 +
Jeste DV, Kaufman CA, Wyatt RJ:  Tardive dyskinesia and subtyping of schizophrenia , in Shah NS, Donald AG (eds): Movement Disorders . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1986;, pp 149-157.
7 +
Smith JM, Oswald WT, Kucharski LT, Waterman LJ:  Tardive dyskinesia: Age and sex differences in hospitalized schizophrenics . Psychopharmacology 1978;;58:207-211.
8 +
Smith JM, Baldessarini RJ:  Changes in prevalence, severity, and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;;37:1368-1373.
9 +
Smith JM, Dunn DD:  Sex differences in the prevalence of severe tardive dyskinesia . Am J Psychiatry 1979;;136:1080-1082.
10 +
Wegner JT, Catalano F, Gibralter J, Kane JM:  Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia: Neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:860-865.
11 +
Spohn HE, Coyne L, Lacoursiere R, Mazur D, Hayes K:  Relation of neuroleptic dose and tardive dyskinesia to attention, information-processing, and psychophysiology in medicated schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:849-859.
12 +
Jeste DV, Wagner RL, Weinberger DR, Rieth KG, Wyatt RJ:  Evaluation of CT scans in tardive dyskinesia . Am J Psychiatry 1980;;137:247-248.
13 +
Edwards H:  The significance of brain damage in persistent oral dyskinesia . Br J Psychiatry 1970;:116:271-275.
14 +
Fann WE, Davis JM, Janowsky DS:  The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in mental hospital patients . Dis Nerv Syst 1972;;33:182-186.
15 +
Gardos G, Cole JO, LaBrie RA:  Drug variables in the etiology of tardive dyskinesia: Application of discriminant function analysis . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 1977;;1:147-154.
16 +
Demars JPCA:  Neuromuscular effects of long-term phenothiazine medication, electroconvulsive therapy and leucotomy . J Nerv Ment Dis 1966;;143:73-79.
17 +
Mallya A, Jose C, Baig M, Williams R, Cho D, Mehta D, Volavka J:  Antiparkinsonics, neuroleptics and tardive dyskinesia . Biol Psychiatry 1979;;14:645-649.
18 +
Kane JM, Smith JM:  Tardive dyskinesia: Prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979 . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;;39:473-481.
19 +
Jeste DV, Linnoila M, Wagner RL, Wyatt RJ:  Serum neuroleptic concentrations and tardive dyskinesia . Psychopharmacology 1982;;76:377-380.
20 +
Yesavage JA, Holman CA, Becker JMT, Cohn R:  Correlation of age and acute thiothixine serum levels . Psychopharmacology 1981;;74:170-172.
21 +
Jeste DV, Delisi LE, Zalcman S, Wise CD, Phelps BH, Rosenblatt JE, Potkin SG, Bridge TP, Wyatt RJ:  A biochemical study of tardive dyskinesia in young male patients . Psychiatry Res 1981;;4:327-331.
22 +
Widerlov E, Haggstrom J-E, Kilts CD, Anderson U, Breese GR, Mailman RB:  Serum Concentrations of thioridazine, its major metabolites and serum neuroleptic-like activities in schizophrenics with and without tardive dyskinesia . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982;;66:294-305.
23 +
Davis JM, Bettis DB, Dekirmenjian H, Erickson SE, Garver DL:  Plasma levels of neuroleptics and antipsychotic drug response . Clin Neuropharmacol 1978;;3:85-102.
24 +
Gerlach J:  Tardive dyskinesia . Dan Med Bull 1979;;26:209-236.
25 +
Schooler NR, Kane JM:  Research diagnosis for tardive dyskinesia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;;39:486-487.
26 +
Mjorndal T, Oreland L:  Determination of thiothixine in plasma at therapeutic concentrations . Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1971;;29:295-302.
27 +
Yesavage JA, Holman CA, Cohn R, Lombrozo L:  Correlation of acute thiothixine serum levels and clinical response: Comparison of fluorometric, gas chromatographic, and red blood cell assays . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;;40:301-304.

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1 +
Crane GE:  Tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with major neuroleptics: A review of the literature . Am J Psychiatry 1968;;124( (suppl) ):40-48.
2 +
Smith RC, Tamminga CA, Harascti J, Pandr GN, Davis TM:  Effects of dopamine agonist in tardive dyskinesia . Am J Psychiatry 1977;;134:763-768.
3 +
Jeste DV, Potkin SG, Sinha S, Feder SL, Wyatt RJ:  Tardive dyskinesia: Reversible and persistent . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;;36:585-590.
4 +
Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ: Understanding and Treating Tardive Dyskinesia . New York, Guilford Press, 1982;.
5 +
Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman J, Kinon B:  Tardive dyskinesia , in Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ (eds): Neuropsychiatric Movement Disorders . Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1984;, pp 98-118.
6 +
Jeste DV, Kaufman CA, Wyatt RJ:  Tardive dyskinesia and subtyping of schizophrenia , in Shah NS, Donald AG (eds): Movement Disorders . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1986;, pp 149-157.
7 +
Smith JM, Oswald WT, Kucharski LT, Waterman LJ:  Tardive dyskinesia: Age and sex differences in hospitalized schizophrenics . Psychopharmacology 1978;;58:207-211.
8 +
Smith JM, Baldessarini RJ:  Changes in prevalence, severity, and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;;37:1368-1373.
9 +
Smith JM, Dunn DD:  Sex differences in the prevalence of severe tardive dyskinesia . Am J Psychiatry 1979;;136:1080-1082.
10 +
Wegner JT, Catalano F, Gibralter J, Kane JM:  Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia: Neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:860-865.
11 +
Spohn HE, Coyne L, Lacoursiere R, Mazur D, Hayes K:  Relation of neuroleptic dose and tardive dyskinesia to attention, information-processing, and psychophysiology in medicated schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;;42:849-859.
12 +
Jeste DV, Wagner RL, Weinberger DR, Rieth KG, Wyatt RJ:  Evaluation of CT scans in tardive dyskinesia . Am J Psychiatry 1980;;137:247-248.
13 +
Edwards H:  The significance of brain damage in persistent oral dyskinesia . Br J Psychiatry 1970;:116:271-275.
14 +
Fann WE, Davis JM, Janowsky DS:  The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in mental hospital patients . Dis Nerv Syst 1972;;33:182-186.
15 +
Gardos G, Cole JO, LaBrie RA:  Drug variables in the etiology of tardive dyskinesia: Application of discriminant function analysis . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 1977;;1:147-154.
16 +
Demars JPCA:  Neuromuscular effects of long-term phenothiazine medication, electroconvulsive therapy and leucotomy . J Nerv Ment Dis 1966;;143:73-79.
17 +
Mallya A, Jose C, Baig M, Williams R, Cho D, Mehta D, Volavka J:  Antiparkinsonics, neuroleptics and tardive dyskinesia . Biol Psychiatry 1979;;14:645-649.
18 +
Kane JM, Smith JM:  Tardive dyskinesia: Prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979 . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;;39:473-481.
19 +
Jeste DV, Linnoila M, Wagner RL, Wyatt RJ:  Serum neuroleptic concentrations and tardive dyskinesia . Psychopharmacology 1982;;76:377-380.
20 +
Yesavage JA, Holman CA, Becker JMT, Cohn R:  Correlation of age and acute thiothixine serum levels . Psychopharmacology 1981;;74:170-172.
21 +
Jeste DV, Delisi LE, Zalcman S, Wise CD, Phelps BH, Rosenblatt JE, Potkin SG, Bridge TP, Wyatt RJ:  A biochemical study of tardive dyskinesia in young male patients . Psychiatry Res 1981;;4:327-331.
22 +
Widerlov E, Haggstrom J-E, Kilts CD, Anderson U, Breese GR, Mailman RB:  Serum Concentrations of thioridazine, its major metabolites and serum neuroleptic-like activities in schizophrenics with and without tardive dyskinesia . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982;;66:294-305.
23 +
Davis JM, Bettis DB, Dekirmenjian H, Erickson SE, Garver DL:  Plasma levels of neuroleptics and antipsychotic drug response . Clin Neuropharmacol 1978;;3:85-102.
24 +
Gerlach J:  Tardive dyskinesia . Dan Med Bull 1979;;26:209-236.
25 +
Schooler NR, Kane JM:  Research diagnosis for tardive dyskinesia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;;39:486-487.
26 +
Mjorndal T, Oreland L:  Determination of thiothixine in plasma at therapeutic concentrations . Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1971;;29:295-302.
27 +
Yesavage JA, Holman CA, Cohn R, Lombrozo L:  Correlation of acute thiothixine serum levels and clinical response: Comparison of fluorometric, gas chromatographic, and red blood cell assays . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;;40:301-304.

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