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Influenza and Schizophrenia: Helsinki vs Edinburgh

Sarnoff A. Mednick, PhD, DM; Ricardo A. Machón, PhD; Matti O. Huttunen, MD; Christopher E. Barr, MA
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(9):875-876. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810210083013
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To the Editor.—  Kendell and Kemp1 conclude that the three studies they report do not support the influenza A virus hypothesis in schizophrenia. We cannot accept their conclusions due to serious inadequacies in their data sources and methods.Kendell and Kemp reason that the severe June and November 1918 and March 1919 influenza epidemics that devastated Scotland should have increased the rate of schizophrenia among those exposed during gestation. To identify people with schizophrenia born in 1918 and 1919, they used a national Scottish register of psychiatric hospitalizations. They inspected their data visually and concluded that there was no increase in the number of people born with schizophrenia in 1918 and 1919. For the period in question, however, the register did not record date of birth; only the patient's report of his or her age was recorded. Year of birth was calculated by subtracting the age reported from the

REFERENCES

Kendell RE, Kemp IW.  Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1989;;46:878-882.
Mednick SA, Machón RA, Huttunen MO, Bonett D.  Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1988;;45:189-192.
Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Annual Report of the Registrar-General for Scotland 1957, 1958. Edinburgh, Scotland: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1960. No. 103 and 104.
Machon RA, Mednick SA, Huttunen MO.  An update on the Helsinki influenza project . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1990;;47:292.
Regier DA, Boyd JH, Burke JD, Rae DS, Myers JK, Kramer M, Robins LN, George LK, Karno M, Locke BZ.  One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States: based on five epidemiologic catchment area sites . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1988;;45:977-986.
Essen-Moller E, Larson H, Uddenberg CE, White G.  Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population . Acta Psychiatr Neurol . 1956;;100:1-160.
Barr CE, Mednick SA, Munk-Jorgensen P.  Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia: a 40-year study . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1990;;47:869-874.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

Kendell RE, Kemp IW.  Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1989;;46:878-882.
Mednick SA, Machón RA, Huttunen MO, Bonett D.  Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1988;;45:189-192.
Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Annual Report of the Registrar-General for Scotland 1957, 1958. Edinburgh, Scotland: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1960. No. 103 and 104.
Machon RA, Mednick SA, Huttunen MO.  An update on the Helsinki influenza project . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1990;;47:292.
Regier DA, Boyd JH, Burke JD, Rae DS, Myers JK, Kramer M, Robins LN, George LK, Karno M, Locke BZ.  One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States: based on five epidemiologic catchment area sites . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1988;;45:977-986.
Essen-Moller E, Larson H, Uddenberg CE, White G.  Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population . Acta Psychiatr Neurol . 1956;;100:1-160.
Barr CE, Mednick SA, Munk-Jorgensen P.  Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia: a 40-year study . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1990;;47:869-874.

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