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August 1991, Vol 48, No. 8 >
Article | August 1991

Association Between the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Alcoholism: Title and subTitle BreakA Continuing Controversy

P. Michael Conneally, PhD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(8):757-759. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320081013
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The idea that alcoholism is familial has been accepted for centuries. However, familial does not translate directly to hereditary. Studies on twins, raised together and apart (adoption studies), clearly show that there is a major genetic component to alcoholism. In fact, more recent studies on a total of 1775 children born to single mothers in Stockholm, Sweden, between 1930 and 1949, their adoptive families, and their biological parents have identified at least two of the following classes of alcoholics: milieu-limited (type 1) and malelimited (type 2). Although type 2 alcoholism is more frequent in men, their female siblings show an abnormally high prevalence of somatization disorder. Type 2 alcoholism is highly inheritable from father to son, regardless of environmental background. On the other hand, in the Swedish adoption study, the risk of type 1 alcoholism to siblings increased as a function of both biological family history and adoptive environment.1

REFERENCES

1 +
Devor EJ, Cloninger CR.  Genetics of alcoholism . Ann Rev Genet . 1989;;23:19-36.
2 +
Aird I, Bentall HH, Fraser Roberts JA.  A relationship between cancer of stomach and the ABO blood groups . BMJ . 1953;;1:799-801.
3 +
Wiener AS.  Blood groups and disease . Lancet . 1956;;2:1308.
4 +
Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Jagadeeswaran P, Nogami H, Briggs AH, Cohn JB.  Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism . JAMA . 1990;;263:2055-2060.
5 +
Bolos AM, Dean M, Lucas-Derse S, Ramsburg M, Brown GL, Goldman D.  Population and pedigree studies reveal a lack of association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1990;;264:3156-3160.
6 +
Noble EP, Blum K.  The dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1991;;265:2667.
7 +
Smith SS, Gorelick DA, O'Hara BF, Uhl GR.  The dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1991;;265:2667-2668.
8 +
Goldman D, Brown GL, Bolos AM, Lucas-Derse S, Dean M.  The dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1991;;265:2668.
9 +
Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Finley O, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Ozkaragoz T, Fitch RJ, Sadlack F, Sheffield D, Dahlmann T, Harbardier S, Nogami H.  Association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with severe alcoholism . Alcohol . In press.
10 +
Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Sheridan PJ.  Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor binding characteristics in alcoholism . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1991;;48:648-654.
11 +
Parsian A, Todd RD, Devor EJ, O'Malley KL, Suarez BK, Reich T, Cloninger CR.  Alcoholism and alleles of the human dopamine D2 receptor locus: studies of association and linkage . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1991;;48:655-663.

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1 +
Devor EJ, Cloninger CR.  Genetics of alcoholism . Ann Rev Genet . 1989;;23:19-36.
2 +
Aird I, Bentall HH, Fraser Roberts JA.  A relationship between cancer of stomach and the ABO blood groups . BMJ . 1953;;1:799-801.
3 +
Wiener AS.  Blood groups and disease . Lancet . 1956;;2:1308.
4 +
Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Jagadeeswaran P, Nogami H, Briggs AH, Cohn JB.  Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism . JAMA . 1990;;263:2055-2060.
5 +
Bolos AM, Dean M, Lucas-Derse S, Ramsburg M, Brown GL, Goldman D.  Population and pedigree studies reveal a lack of association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1990;;264:3156-3160.
6 +
Noble EP, Blum K.  The dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1991;;265:2667.
7 +
Smith SS, Gorelick DA, O'Hara BF, Uhl GR.  The dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1991;;265:2667-2668.
8 +
Goldman D, Brown GL, Bolos AM, Lucas-Derse S, Dean M.  The dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism . JAMA . 1991;;265:2668.
9 +
Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Finley O, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Ozkaragoz T, Fitch RJ, Sadlack F, Sheffield D, Dahlmann T, Harbardier S, Nogami H.  Association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with severe alcoholism . Alcohol . In press.
10 +
Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Sheridan PJ.  Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor binding characteristics in alcoholism . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1991;;48:648-654.
11 +
Parsian A, Todd RD, Devor EJ, O'Malley KL, Suarez BK, Reich T, Cloninger CR.  Alcoholism and alleles of the human dopamine D2 receptor locus: studies of association and linkage . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1991;;48:655-663.

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