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September 1997, Vol 54, No. 9 >
Article | September 1997

Child Psychiatric Disorder: Title and subTitle BreakMeasures, Causal Mechanisms, and Interventions

Michael Rutter, MD, FRS
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(9):785-789. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830210021002
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DURING RECENT decades there has been a spectacular burgeoning of research into child psychiatric disorders. The results have changed clinical practice in child psychiatry1 and have done much to aid understanding of the childhood roots of some adult psychiatric disorders.2 The set of 12 articles in this issue of the Archives illustrate well the accomplishments and the serious challenges that remain. They cover a wide territory, but their key messages may be summarized under the headings of measurement, causal mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions.

MEASUREMENT  Psychiatric research continues to be troubled by difficulties in measurement.3 At one time, many investigators thought that the use of standardized interviews and operationalized criteria for diagnosis would solve the problems, but it is evident that they have not. The study by Boyle et al4 is helpful in focusing on the relative merits and demerits of structured respondent-based interviews and checklists. They conclude that there is

REFERENCES

1 +
Rutter M.  Research to clinical practice in child psychiatry: retrospect and prospect . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . In press.
2 +
Rutter M.  Relationship between mental disorders in childhood and adulthood . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 1995;;91:73-85.
3 +
Magnusson D, Bergman LR. Data Quality in Longitudinal Research . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1990;.
4 +
Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine YA, Szatmari P, Sanford M, Fleming JE.  Adequacy of interviews vs checklists for classifying childhood psychiatric disorder based on parent reports . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:793-799.
5 +
Verhulst FC, Koot HM. Child Psychiatric Epidemiology: Concepts, Methods, and Findings . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1992;.
6 +
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT.  The stability of disruptive childhood behaviors . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1995;;23:379-396.
7 +
Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Silva P, Stanton W.  Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial problems in males: natural history from ages 3 to 18 years . Dev Psychopathol . 1996;;9:399-424.
8 +
Simonoff E, Pickles A, Meyer J, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Loeber R, Rutter M, Hewitt JK, Eaves LJ.  The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development: influences of age, sex, and impairment on rates of disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:801-808.
9 +
Eaves L, Silberg J, Meyer J, Maes H, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Rutter M, Neale MC, Reynolds C, Erikson M, Health A, Loeber R, Truett K, Hewitt J.  Genetics and developmental psychopathology, 2: the main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . In press.
10 +
Angold A, Erklanis A, Costello EJ, Rutter M.  Precision, reliability and accuracy in the dating of symptom onsets in child and adolescent psychopathology . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1996;;37:657-664.
11 +
Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan M, Davies M, Piacentini J, Schwab-Stone M, Lahey B, Lichtman J, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Rae D.  The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;;35:865-877.
12 +
Thapar A, Hervas A, McGuffin P.  Childhood hyperactivity scores are highly heritable and show sibling competition effects: twin study evidence . Behav Genet . 1995;;25:537-544.
13 +
Simonoff E, Pickles A, Hervas A, Silberg J, Meyer J, Rutter M, Eaves L.  Genetic influences on childhood hyperactivity: contrast effects imply parental rating bias, not sibling interaction . Psychol Med . In press.
14 +
Kerr M, Tremblay RE, Pagani L, Vitaro F.  Boys' behavioral inhibition and the risk of later delinquency . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:809-816.
15 +
Kellam SG, Simon MB, Ensminger ME.  Antecedents in first grade of teenage substance use and psychological well-being: a ten-year communitywide prospective study . In: Ricks DF, Dohrenwend BS, eds. Origins of Psychopathology . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1983;:17-42.
16 +
Moskowitz DS, Schwartzmann AE.  Painting group portraits: studying life outcomes for aggressive and withdrawn children . J Pers . 1989;;57:723-746.
17 +
Stattin H, Magnusson D.  Antisocial development: a holistic approach . Dev Psychopathol . 1996;;8:617-645.
18 +
Chisholm K, Carter MC, Ames EW, Morison SJ.  Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages . Dev Psychopathol . 1995;;7:283-294.
19 +
Keaveney L, O'Connor T. The network of social relations of adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation. Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Conference; April 5, 1997; Washington, DC.
20 +
Rutter M, Mawhood L, Howlin P.  Language delay and social development . In: Fletcher P, Hall D, eds. Specific Speech and Language Disorders in Children . London, England: Whurr; 1992;:63-78.
21 +
Cohen LL, Vietze PM, Sudhalter V, Jenkins EC, Brown WT.  Parent-child dyadic gaze patterns in fragile X males and non-fragile X males with autistic disorder . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1989;;30:845-856.
22 +
Angold A, Prendergast M, Cox A, Harrington R, Simonoff E, Rutter M.  The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) . Psychol Med . 1995;;25:739-753.
23 +
Caron C, Rutter M.  Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1991;;32:1063-1080.
24 +
Rutter M.  Comorbidity: concepts, claims and choices . In: Farrington D, Maughan B, eds. Overlapping Disorder, Overlapping Risks . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
25 +
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ.  Predictive validity of categorically and dimesionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1995;;34:477-485.
26 +
Jensen FS.  Predictive validity of categorically and dimensionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors: comment . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1995;;34:485-487.
27 +
Klein DN, Riso LP.  Psychiatric disorders: problems of boundaries and comorbidity . In: Costello CG, ed. Basic Issues in Psychopathology . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1993;:19-66.
28 +
Cantwell DP, Rutter M.  Classification: conceptual issues and substantive findings . In: Rutter M, Taylor E, Herzov L, eds. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches . Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1994;:3-21.
29 +
Rende R, Plomin R.  Nature, nurture, and the development of psychopathology . In: Cicchetti D, Cohen D, eds. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1995;:291-314.
30 +
Rey JM, Singh M, Hung S, Dossetor DR, Newman L, Plapp JM, Bird KD.  A global scale to measure the quality of the family environment . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:817-822.
31 +
Plomin R, Daniels D.  Why are children in the same family so different? Behav Brain Sci . 1987;;10:1-15.
32 +
Reiss D, Hetherington M, Plomin R, Howe GW, Simmens SJ, Henderson SH, O'Connor TJ, Bussell DA, Anderson ER, Law T.  Genetic questions for environmental studies: differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1995;;52:925-936.
33 +
Rutter M.  Family and school influences on cognitive development . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1985;;26:683-704.
34 +
Rutter M. Maternal Deprivation Reassessed . 2nd ed. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books; 1981;.
35 +
Rutter M, Tuma AH, Lann IS, eds. Assessment and Diagnosis in Child Psychopathology . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1988;.
36 +
Plomin R, Bergeman CS.  The nature of nurture: genetic influences on 'environmental' measures . Behav Brain Sci . 1991;;14:373-386.
37 +
Plomin R. Genetics and Experience: The Interplay Between Nature and Nurture . Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1994;.
38 +
Kendler KS.  Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry: taking both genes and environment seriously . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1995;;52:895-899.
39 +
Rutter M.  Nature-nurture integration: the example of antisocial behavior . Am Psychol . 1997;;52:390-398.
40 +
Rutter M, Dunn J, Plomin R, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Maughan B, Ormel J, Eaves L.  Integrating nature and nurture: implications of person-environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology . Dev Psychopathol . In press.
41 +
Kovacs M, Devlin B, Pollock M, Richards C, Mukerji P.  A controlled family history study of childhood-onset depressive disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:613-623.
42 +
Rende R, Weissman M, Rutter M, Wickramaratne P, Harrington R, Pickles A.  Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands, II: familial loading for comorbid non-depressive disorders based upon proband age of onset . J Affect Disord . In press.
43 +
Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Prusoff BA, Caruso KA, Kidd KK, Gammon GD.  Onset of major depression in early childhood: increased familial loading and specificity . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1984;;34:98-111.
44 +
Harrington R, Rutter M, Weissman M, Fudge H, Groothues C, Bredenkamp D, Pickles A, Rende R, Wickramatne P.  Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands, I:comparison of prepubertal, adolescent and early adult onset cases . J Affect Disord . In press.
45 +
Thapar A, McGuffin P.  A twin study of depressive symptoms in childhood . Br J Psychiatry . 1994;;165:259-265.
46 +
Silberg J, Rutter M, Eaves L. Pubertal status, life stress and depression in juvenile twins: a genetic investigation. Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Conference; April 3, 1997; Washington, DC.
47 +
Kendler KS, Karkowski-Shuman L.  Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: genetic control of exposure to the environment? Psychol Med . 1997;;27:549-564.
48 +
McGuffin P, Katz R, Bebbington P.  The Camber-well Collaborative Depression Study, III: depression and adversity in the relatives of depressed probands . Br J Psychiatry . 1988;;152:775-782.
49 +
Rosenberg DR, Keshavan MS, O'Hearn KM, Dick EL, Bagwell WW, Seymour AB, Montrose DM, Pierri JN, Birmaher B.  Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:824-830.
50 +
Rosenberg DR, Averbach DH, O'Hearn KM, Seymour AB, Birmaher B, Sweeney JA.  Oculomotor response inhibition abnormalities in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:831-838.
51 +
Bailey A, Phillips W, Rutter M.  Autism: towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and neurobiological perspectives . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1996;;37:89-126.
52 +
Rutter M, Plomin R.  Opportunities for psychiatry from genetic findings . Br J Psychiatry . In press.
53 +
Vargha-Khadem F, Isaacs E, van der Werf S, Robb S, Wilson J.  Development of intelligence and memory in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: the deleterious consequences of early seizures . Brain . 1992;;115:315-329.
54 +
Pine DS, Coplan JD, Wasserman GA, Miller LS, Fried JE, Davies M, Cooper TB, Greenhill L, Shaffer D, Parsons B.  Neuroendocrine response to fen-fluramine challenge in boys: associations with aggressive behavior and adverse rearing . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:839-846.
55 +
Moffitt T, Caspi A, Fawcett P, Brammer GL, Raleigh M, Yuwiler A, Silva P.  Whole blood serotonin and family background relate to male violence . In: Raine A, Farrington D, Brennan P, Mednick SA, eds. Unlocking Crime: The Biosocial Key . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
56 +
Kreuzi MJP, Jacobsen T.  Serotonin and human violence: do environmental mediators exist?  In: Raine A, Farrington D, Brennan P, Mednick SA, eds. Unlocking Crime: The Biosocial Key . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
57 +
Rutter M.  Antisocial behavior: developmental psychopathology perspectives . In: Stoff D, Breiling J, Maser JD, eds. Handbook of Antisocial Behavior . In press.
58 +
Shively CA, Laber-Laird K, Anton RF.  Behavior and physiology of social stress and depression in female cynomolgus monkeys . Biol Psychiatry . 1997;;41:871-882.
59 +
Sameroff AJ, Chandler MJ.  Perinatal risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty . In: Horowitz F, Hetherington M, Scarr-Salapatek S, Siegel G, eds. Review of Child Development Research . Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1975;;4:187-244.
60 +
Meisels SJ, Plunkett JW.  Developmental consequences of preterm birth: are there long-term effects?  In: Baltes PB, Featherman DL, Lerner RM, eds. Life Span Development and Behavior . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence A Erlbaum Associates; 1988;;9:87-129.
61 +
Whitaker AH, Van Rossem R, Feldman JF, Schonfeld IS, Pinto-Martin JA, Torre C, Shaffer D, Paneth N.  Psychiatric outcomes in low-birth-weight children at age 6 years: relation to neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:847-856.
62 +
Powls A, Botting N, Cooke RWI, Marlow N.  Motor impairment in children 12 to 13 years old with a birthweight of less than 1250 g . Arch Dis Child . 1995;;72:62-66.
63 +
Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring A-L, Janols L-O, Thernlund G, Hägglöf B, Eidevall-Wallin L, Gustafsson P, Kopp S.  Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:857-864.
64 +
Arnold LE Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham, WE.  National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA): design challenges and choices . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:865-870.
65 +
Vitiello B, Jensen PS.  Medication development and testing in children and adolescents: current problems, future directions . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:871-876.
66 +
Brent DA, Holder D, Kolko D, Birmaher B, Baugher M, Roth C, lyengar S, Johnson BA.  A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family, and supportive therapy . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:877-885.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Rutter M.  Research to clinical practice in child psychiatry: retrospect and prospect . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . In press.
2 +
Rutter M.  Relationship between mental disorders in childhood and adulthood . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 1995;;91:73-85.
3 +
Magnusson D, Bergman LR. Data Quality in Longitudinal Research . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1990;.
4 +
Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine YA, Szatmari P, Sanford M, Fleming JE.  Adequacy of interviews vs checklists for classifying childhood psychiatric disorder based on parent reports . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:793-799.
5 +
Verhulst FC, Koot HM. Child Psychiatric Epidemiology: Concepts, Methods, and Findings . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1992;.
6 +
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT.  The stability of disruptive childhood behaviors . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1995;;23:379-396.
7 +
Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Silva P, Stanton W.  Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial problems in males: natural history from ages 3 to 18 years . Dev Psychopathol . 1996;;9:399-424.
8 +
Simonoff E, Pickles A, Meyer J, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Loeber R, Rutter M, Hewitt JK, Eaves LJ.  The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development: influences of age, sex, and impairment on rates of disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:801-808.
9 +
Eaves L, Silberg J, Meyer J, Maes H, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Rutter M, Neale MC, Reynolds C, Erikson M, Health A, Loeber R, Truett K, Hewitt J.  Genetics and developmental psychopathology, 2: the main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . In press.
10 +
Angold A, Erklanis A, Costello EJ, Rutter M.  Precision, reliability and accuracy in the dating of symptom onsets in child and adolescent psychopathology . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1996;;37:657-664.
11 +
Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan M, Davies M, Piacentini J, Schwab-Stone M, Lahey B, Lichtman J, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Rae D.  The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;;35:865-877.
12 +
Thapar A, Hervas A, McGuffin P.  Childhood hyperactivity scores are highly heritable and show sibling competition effects: twin study evidence . Behav Genet . 1995;;25:537-544.
13 +
Simonoff E, Pickles A, Hervas A, Silberg J, Meyer J, Rutter M, Eaves L.  Genetic influences on childhood hyperactivity: contrast effects imply parental rating bias, not sibling interaction . Psychol Med . In press.
14 +
Kerr M, Tremblay RE, Pagani L, Vitaro F.  Boys' behavioral inhibition and the risk of later delinquency . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:809-816.
15 +
Kellam SG, Simon MB, Ensminger ME.  Antecedents in first grade of teenage substance use and psychological well-being: a ten-year communitywide prospective study . In: Ricks DF, Dohrenwend BS, eds. Origins of Psychopathology . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1983;:17-42.
16 +
Moskowitz DS, Schwartzmann AE.  Painting group portraits: studying life outcomes for aggressive and withdrawn children . J Pers . 1989;;57:723-746.
17 +
Stattin H, Magnusson D.  Antisocial development: a holistic approach . Dev Psychopathol . 1996;;8:617-645.
18 +
Chisholm K, Carter MC, Ames EW, Morison SJ.  Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages . Dev Psychopathol . 1995;;7:283-294.
19 +
Keaveney L, O'Connor T. The network of social relations of adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation. Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Conference; April 5, 1997; Washington, DC.
20 +
Rutter M, Mawhood L, Howlin P.  Language delay and social development . In: Fletcher P, Hall D, eds. Specific Speech and Language Disorders in Children . London, England: Whurr; 1992;:63-78.
21 +
Cohen LL, Vietze PM, Sudhalter V, Jenkins EC, Brown WT.  Parent-child dyadic gaze patterns in fragile X males and non-fragile X males with autistic disorder . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1989;;30:845-856.
22 +
Angold A, Prendergast M, Cox A, Harrington R, Simonoff E, Rutter M.  The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) . Psychol Med . 1995;;25:739-753.
23 +
Caron C, Rutter M.  Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1991;;32:1063-1080.
24 +
Rutter M.  Comorbidity: concepts, claims and choices . In: Farrington D, Maughan B, eds. Overlapping Disorder, Overlapping Risks . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
25 +
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ.  Predictive validity of categorically and dimesionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1995;;34:477-485.
26 +
Jensen FS.  Predictive validity of categorically and dimensionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors: comment . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1995;;34:485-487.
27 +
Klein DN, Riso LP.  Psychiatric disorders: problems of boundaries and comorbidity . In: Costello CG, ed. Basic Issues in Psychopathology . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1993;:19-66.
28 +
Cantwell DP, Rutter M.  Classification: conceptual issues and substantive findings . In: Rutter M, Taylor E, Herzov L, eds. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches . Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1994;:3-21.
29 +
Rende R, Plomin R.  Nature, nurture, and the development of psychopathology . In: Cicchetti D, Cohen D, eds. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1995;:291-314.
30 +
Rey JM, Singh M, Hung S, Dossetor DR, Newman L, Plapp JM, Bird KD.  A global scale to measure the quality of the family environment . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:817-822.
31 +
Plomin R, Daniels D.  Why are children in the same family so different? Behav Brain Sci . 1987;;10:1-15.
32 +
Reiss D, Hetherington M, Plomin R, Howe GW, Simmens SJ, Henderson SH, O'Connor TJ, Bussell DA, Anderson ER, Law T.  Genetic questions for environmental studies: differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1995;;52:925-936.
33 +
Rutter M.  Family and school influences on cognitive development . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1985;;26:683-704.
34 +
Rutter M. Maternal Deprivation Reassessed . 2nd ed. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books; 1981;.
35 +
Rutter M, Tuma AH, Lann IS, eds. Assessment and Diagnosis in Child Psychopathology . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1988;.
36 +
Plomin R, Bergeman CS.  The nature of nurture: genetic influences on 'environmental' measures . Behav Brain Sci . 1991;;14:373-386.
37 +
Plomin R. Genetics and Experience: The Interplay Between Nature and Nurture . Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1994;.
38 +
Kendler KS.  Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry: taking both genes and environment seriously . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1995;;52:895-899.
39 +
Rutter M.  Nature-nurture integration: the example of antisocial behavior . Am Psychol . 1997;;52:390-398.
40 +
Rutter M, Dunn J, Plomin R, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Maughan B, Ormel J, Eaves L.  Integrating nature and nurture: implications of person-environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology . Dev Psychopathol . In press.
41 +
Kovacs M, Devlin B, Pollock M, Richards C, Mukerji P.  A controlled family history study of childhood-onset depressive disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:613-623.
42 +
Rende R, Weissman M, Rutter M, Wickramaratne P, Harrington R, Pickles A.  Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands, II: familial loading for comorbid non-depressive disorders based upon proband age of onset . J Affect Disord . In press.
43 +
Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Prusoff BA, Caruso KA, Kidd KK, Gammon GD.  Onset of major depression in early childhood: increased familial loading and specificity . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1984;;34:98-111.
44 +
Harrington R, Rutter M, Weissman M, Fudge H, Groothues C, Bredenkamp D, Pickles A, Rende R, Wickramatne P.  Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands, I:comparison of prepubertal, adolescent and early adult onset cases . J Affect Disord . In press.
45 +
Thapar A, McGuffin P.  A twin study of depressive symptoms in childhood . Br J Psychiatry . 1994;;165:259-265.
46 +
Silberg J, Rutter M, Eaves L. Pubertal status, life stress and depression in juvenile twins: a genetic investigation. Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Conference; April 3, 1997; Washington, DC.
47 +
Kendler KS, Karkowski-Shuman L.  Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: genetic control of exposure to the environment? Psychol Med . 1997;;27:549-564.
48 +
McGuffin P, Katz R, Bebbington P.  The Camber-well Collaborative Depression Study, III: depression and adversity in the relatives of depressed probands . Br J Psychiatry . 1988;;152:775-782.
49 +
Rosenberg DR, Keshavan MS, O'Hearn KM, Dick EL, Bagwell WW, Seymour AB, Montrose DM, Pierri JN, Birmaher B.  Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:824-830.
50 +
Rosenberg DR, Averbach DH, O'Hearn KM, Seymour AB, Birmaher B, Sweeney JA.  Oculomotor response inhibition abnormalities in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:831-838.
51 +
Bailey A, Phillips W, Rutter M.  Autism: towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and neurobiological perspectives . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1996;;37:89-126.
52 +
Rutter M, Plomin R.  Opportunities for psychiatry from genetic findings . Br J Psychiatry . In press.
53 +
Vargha-Khadem F, Isaacs E, van der Werf S, Robb S, Wilson J.  Development of intelligence and memory in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: the deleterious consequences of early seizures . Brain . 1992;;115:315-329.
54 +
Pine DS, Coplan JD, Wasserman GA, Miller LS, Fried JE, Davies M, Cooper TB, Greenhill L, Shaffer D, Parsons B.  Neuroendocrine response to fen-fluramine challenge in boys: associations with aggressive behavior and adverse rearing . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1997;;54:839-846.
55 +
Moffitt T, Caspi A, Fawcett P, Brammer GL, Raleigh M, Yuwiler A, Silva P.  Whole blood serotonin and family background relate to male violence . In: Raine A, Farrington D, Brennan P, Mednick SA, eds. Unlocking Crime: The Biosocial Key . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
56 +
Kreuzi MJP, Jacobsen T.  Serotonin and human violence: do environmental mediators exist?  In: Raine A, Farrington D, Brennan P, Mednick SA, eds. Unlocking Crime: The Biosocial Key . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
57 +
Rutter M.  Antisocial behavior: developmental psychopathology perspectives . In: Stoff D, Breiling J, Maser JD, eds. Handbook of Antisocial Behavior . In press.
58 +
Shively CA, Laber-Laird K, Anton RF.  Behavior and physiology of social stress and depression in female cynomolgus monkeys . Biol Psychiatry . 1997;;41:871-882.
59 +
Sameroff AJ, Chandler MJ.  Perinatal risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty . In: Horowitz F, Hetherington M, Scarr-Salapatek S, Siegel G, eds. Review of Child Development Research . Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1975;;4:187-244.
60 +
Meisels SJ, Plunkett JW.  Developmental consequences of preterm birth: are there long-term effects?  In: Baltes PB, Featherman DL, Lerner RM, eds. Life Span Development and Behavior . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence A Erlbaum Associates; 1988;;9:87-129.
61 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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