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February 1962, Vol 6, No. 2 >
Article | February 1962

Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia: Title and subTitle BreakSome Theoretical and Practical Aspects

SILVANO ARIETI, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication March 9, 1961.


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1962;6(2):112-122. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01710200004002
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Comments

Although schizophrenic patients treated with psychotherapy constitute all over the world a small minority in comparison to those treated with various forms of physical therapy, their number is rapidly increasing.

This type of therapy is still in the pioneering stage, in spite of gigantic steps made in this field in the last few decades. This treatment is not yet fully organized and not entirely understood, since the "pioneers" and their followers have used different methods or have given different interpretations to their approaches.

In the first section of this paper a review will be made of the theoretical bases of the main methods. In the remaining sections an outline of the methodology adopted by the present author will be presented.

Review of the Theoretical Bases of the Main Methods  It is possible to recognize that each method adopted in the psychotherapy of schizo-phrenia is the

REFERENCES

1 +
Arieti, S.:  The Processes of Expectation and Anticipation: Their Genetic Development, Neural Basis and Role in Psychopathology , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 100:471, 1947;.
2 +
Arieti, S.:  Special Logic of Schizophrenic and Other Types of Autistic Thought , Psychiatry 11:325, 1948;.
3 +
Arieti, S.:  Primitive Intellectual Mechanisms in Psychopathological Conditions: Study of the Archaic Ego . Amer. J. Psychother. 4:4, 1950;.
4 +
Arieti, S.: Interpretation of Schizophrenia , New York, Robert Brunner, Inc., 1955;.
5 +
Arieti, S.:  Schizophrenia: The Manifest Symptomatology, the Psychodynamic and Formal Mechanisms , in American Handbook of Psychiatry , Vol. 1, edited by S. Arieti, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1959;, p. 455.
6 +
Arieti, S.:  Schizophrenic Thought , Amer. J. Psychother. 13:537, 1959;.
7 +
Arieti, S.:  Introductory Notes on Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenia , in Psychotherapy of Psychoses , edited by A. Burton, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1961;.
8 +
Arieti, S.: Hallucinations, Delusions and Ideas of Reference Treated with Psychotherapy, read before the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Chicago, May, 1961.
9 +
Arieti, S.: The Loss of Reality, to be published.
10 +
Beck, A.:  Successful Outpatient Psychotherapy of a Chronic Schizophrenic with a Delusion Based on Borrowed Guilt , Psychiatry 15:305, 1952;.
11 +
Bellak, L.:  The Treatment of Schizophrenia and Psychoanalytic Theory , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 131:39, 1960;.
12 +
Benedetti, G.:  Il Problema della coscienza nelle allucinazioni degli schizofrenici , Arch. Psicol. Neurol. 16:287, 1955;.
13 +
Benedetti, G.:  Analisi dei processi di miglioramento e di guarigione nel corso della psicoterapia , Arch. Psicol. Neurol. 17:971, 1956;.
14 +
Bion, W. R.:  Language and the Schizophrenic , New Directions in Psycho-Analysis , edited by M. Klein, and others, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1955;.
15 +
Bowers, M. K.:  Theoretical Considerations in the Use of Hypnosis in the Treatment of Schizophrenia , Int. J. Clin. Exper. Hypnosis 9:39 ( (April) ) 1961;.
16 +
Brody, E. B.: The Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Review, in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
17 +
Brody, M. W.: Observations on Direct Analysis: The Therapeutic Technique of Dr. John N. Rosen , New York, Vantage Press, Inc., 1959;.
18 +
Buber, M.: I and Thou , Edinburgh, T. T. Clark, & T. Clark, 1953;.
19 +
Bychowski, G.: Psychotherapy of Psychosis , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1952;.
20 +
Eissler, K. R.:  Remarks on the Psycho-Analysis of Schizophrenia , Int. J. Psychoanal. 32:139, 1951;.
21 +
Erikson, E. H.:  Growth and Crises of the Healthy Personality , in Personality in Nature, Society, and Culture , Ed. 2, edited by C. Kluckhohn and H. A. Murray, with the collaboration of D. M. Schneider, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1953;.
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Federn, P.: Ego Psychology and the Psychoses , New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1952;.
23 +
Fleck, S.:  Family Dynamics and Origin of Schizophrenia , Psychosom. Med. 22:333, 1960;.
24 +
Freud, A.: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1946;.
25 +
Freud, S.:  On Psychotherapy , in Collected Papers , Vol. 1, London, Hogarth Press, 1946;, p. 249.
26 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Notes on the Development of Treatment of Schizophrenics by Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy , Psychiatry 11:3, 1948;.
27 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Some Aspects of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
28 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:410, 1954;.
29 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Clinical Significance of Intuitive Processes of the Psychoanalyst , J. Amer. Psychoanal. A. 3:82, 1955;.
30 +
Hartmann, H.:  The Metapsychology of Schizophrenia , Psychoanal. Study Child 8:177, 1953;.
31 +
Hartmann, H.:  Notes on the Reality Principle , Psychoanal. Study Child 11:3, 1956;.
32 +
Hartmann, H.; Kris, E., and Lowenstein, R. Y.:  Comments on the Formation of Psychic Structure , Psychoanal. Study Child 2:11, 1945;.
33 +
Hill, L.: Psychotherapeutic Interaction in Schizophrenics , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1955;.
34 +
Hinsie, L. E.: The Treatment of Schizophrenia , Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1930;.
35 +
Jung, C. G.: The Psychology of Dementia Praecox , Ed. 2, New York, Nervous & Mental Disease Publishing Company, 1936;.
36 +
Kasanin, J. S.:  The Disturbance of Conceptual Thinking in Schizophrenia , in Language and Thought in Schizophrenia: Collected Papers , edited by J. S. Kasanin, Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1944;.
37 +
Kasanin, J. S.:  Development Roots of Schizophrenia , Amer. J. Psychiat. 101:770, 1945;.
38 +
Klein, M.: Contributions to Psycho-Analysis , London, Hogarth Press, Ltd., 1948;.
39 +
New Directions in Psychoanalysis , edited by M. Klein, and others, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1955;.
40 +
Knight, R. P.:  Management and Psychotherapy of the Borderline Schizophrenic Patient , in Psychoanalytic Psychiatry and Psychology , edited by R. P. Knight, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1954;.
41 +
Lidz, R. W., and Lidz, T.:  The Family Environment of Schizophrenic Patients , Amer. J. Psychiat. 106:332, 1949;.
42 +
Lidz, T.; Cornelison, A. R.; Fleck, S., and Terry, D.:  The Intrafamilial Environment of Schizophrenic Patients: Marital Schism and Marital Skew , Amer. J. Psychiat. 114:241, 1957;.
43 +
Lidz, T.; Cornelison, A.; Terry, D., and Fleck, S.:  Intrafamilial Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient: The Transmission of Irrationality , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 79:305, 1958;.
44 +
Lidz, T.; Parker, B., and Cornelison, A. R.:  The Role of the Father in the Family Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient , Amer. J. Psychiat. 113:126, 1956;.
45 +
Pankow, G.: Structuration dynamique dans la Schizophrénie , Bern, Verlag Hans Huber, 1956;.
46 +
Racamier, P. C.:  Connaissance et psycho thérapie de la relation schizophrénique , L'Evolution Psychiatrique , fasc. 2, 1958;, p. 445.
47 +
Racamier, P. C.:  Psychoanalytic Therapy of the Psychoses , in Psychoanalysis of Today , edited by S. Nacht, New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1959;.
48 +
Organization and Pathology of Thought , edited by D. Rapaport, New York, Columbia University Press, 1951;.
49 +
Rapaport, D.:  The Theory of Ego Autonomy: A Generalization , Bull. Menninger Clin. 22:13, 1958;.
50 +
Rosen, J. N.:  The Treatment of Schizophrenic Psychosis by Direct Analytic Therapy , Psychiat. Quart. 2:3, 1947;.
51 +
Rosen, J. N.: Direct Analysis: Selected Papers , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1953;.
52 +
Rosenfeld, H.:  Notes on the Psycho-Analysis of the Superego Conflict in an Acute Schizophrenic Patient , in New Directions in Psychoanalysis , edited by M. Klein and others, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1955;.
53 +
Schwing, G.: A Way to the Soul of the Mentally Ill , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1954;.
54 +
Searles, H. F.:  Dependency Processes in the Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia , J. Amer. Psychoanal. A. 3:19, 1955;.
55 +
Searles, H. F.:  The Schizophrenic's Vulnerability to the Therapist's Unconscious Processes , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 127:247, 1958;.
56 +
Searles, H. F.: The Nonhuman Environment , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1960;.
57 +
Sehehaye, M. A.: Symbolic Realization , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1951;.
58 +
Sechehaye, M. A.: Autobiography of a Schizophrenic Girl , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1951;.
59 +
Sechehaye, M. A.: A New Psychotherapy in Schizophrenia , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1956;.
60 +
Semrad, E. J.:  Discussion of Dr. Frank's Paper , in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
61 +
Semrad, E. J.:  The Treatment Process , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:426, 1954;.
62 +
Sommer, R.; Dewar, R., and Osmond, H.:  Is There a Schizophrenic Language? Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 3:665, 1960;.
63 +
Sullivan, H. S.: Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry , Washington, William Alanson White Foundation, 1947;.
64 +
Sullivan, H. S.: Clinical Studies in Psychiatry , New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1956;.
65 +
Szalita-Pemow, A. B.:  The 'Intuitive Process' and Its Relation to Work with Schizophrenics , J. Amer. Psychoanal. A. 3:7, 1955;.
66 +
Szalita-Pemow, A. B.:  Further Remarks on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Schizophrenia , Psychiatry 2:143, 1952;.
67 +
Whitehorn, J. C.:  Hateful Self-Distrust: A Problem in the Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:420, 1954;.
68 +
Whitehorn, J. C., and Betz, B. J.:  A Study of Psychotherapeutic Relationships Between Physicians and Schizophrenic Patients , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:321, 1954;.
69 +
Vigotsky, L. S.:  Thought in Schizophrenia , Arch. Neurol. et Psychiat. 31:1036, 1934;.
70 +
Von Domarus, E.:  The Specific Laws of Logic in Schizophrenia , in Language and Thought in Schizophrenia: Collected Papers , edited by J. S. Kasanin, Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1944;.
71 +
Wexler, M.:  The Structural Problem in Schizophrenia: The Role of the Internal Object , in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
72 +
Will, O. A.:  Psychotherapeutics and the Schizophrenic Reaction , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 126:109, 1958;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Arieti, S.:  The Processes of Expectation and Anticipation: Their Genetic Development, Neural Basis and Role in Psychopathology , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 100:471, 1947;.
2 +
Arieti, S.:  Special Logic of Schizophrenic and Other Types of Autistic Thought , Psychiatry 11:325, 1948;.
3 +
Arieti, S.:  Primitive Intellectual Mechanisms in Psychopathological Conditions: Study of the Archaic Ego . Amer. J. Psychother. 4:4, 1950;.
4 +
Arieti, S.: Interpretation of Schizophrenia , New York, Robert Brunner, Inc., 1955;.
5 +
Arieti, S.:  Schizophrenia: The Manifest Symptomatology, the Psychodynamic and Formal Mechanisms , in American Handbook of Psychiatry , Vol. 1, edited by S. Arieti, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1959;, p. 455.
6 +
Arieti, S.:  Schizophrenic Thought , Amer. J. Psychother. 13:537, 1959;.
7 +
Arieti, S.:  Introductory Notes on Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenia , in Psychotherapy of Psychoses , edited by A. Burton, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1961;.
8 +
Arieti, S.: Hallucinations, Delusions and Ideas of Reference Treated with Psychotherapy, read before the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Chicago, May, 1961.
9 +
Arieti, S.: The Loss of Reality, to be published.
10 +
Beck, A.:  Successful Outpatient Psychotherapy of a Chronic Schizophrenic with a Delusion Based on Borrowed Guilt , Psychiatry 15:305, 1952;.
11 +
Bellak, L.:  The Treatment of Schizophrenia and Psychoanalytic Theory , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 131:39, 1960;.
12 +
Benedetti, G.:  Il Problema della coscienza nelle allucinazioni degli schizofrenici , Arch. Psicol. Neurol. 16:287, 1955;.
13 +
Benedetti, G.:  Analisi dei processi di miglioramento e di guarigione nel corso della psicoterapia , Arch. Psicol. Neurol. 17:971, 1956;.
14 +
Bion, W. R.:  Language and the Schizophrenic , New Directions in Psycho-Analysis , edited by M. Klein, and others, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1955;.
15 +
Bowers, M. K.:  Theoretical Considerations in the Use of Hypnosis in the Treatment of Schizophrenia , Int. J. Clin. Exper. Hypnosis 9:39 ( (April) ) 1961;.
16 +
Brody, E. B.: The Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Review, in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
17 +
Brody, M. W.: Observations on Direct Analysis: The Therapeutic Technique of Dr. John N. Rosen , New York, Vantage Press, Inc., 1959;.
18 +
Buber, M.: I and Thou , Edinburgh, T. T. Clark, & T. Clark, 1953;.
19 +
Bychowski, G.: Psychotherapy of Psychosis , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1952;.
20 +
Eissler, K. R.:  Remarks on the Psycho-Analysis of Schizophrenia , Int. J. Psychoanal. 32:139, 1951;.
21 +
Erikson, E. H.:  Growth and Crises of the Healthy Personality , in Personality in Nature, Society, and Culture , Ed. 2, edited by C. Kluckhohn and H. A. Murray, with the collaboration of D. M. Schneider, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1953;.
22 +
Federn, P.: Ego Psychology and the Psychoses , New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1952;.
23 +
Fleck, S.:  Family Dynamics and Origin of Schizophrenia , Psychosom. Med. 22:333, 1960;.
24 +
Freud, A.: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1946;.
25 +
Freud, S.:  On Psychotherapy , in Collected Papers , Vol. 1, London, Hogarth Press, 1946;, p. 249.
26 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Notes on the Development of Treatment of Schizophrenics by Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy , Psychiatry 11:3, 1948;.
27 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Some Aspects of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
28 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:410, 1954;.
29 +
Fromm-Reichmann, F.:  Clinical Significance of Intuitive Processes of the Psychoanalyst , J. Amer. Psychoanal. A. 3:82, 1955;.
30 +
Hartmann, H.:  The Metapsychology of Schizophrenia , Psychoanal. Study Child 8:177, 1953;.
31 +
Hartmann, H.:  Notes on the Reality Principle , Psychoanal. Study Child 11:3, 1956;.
32 +
Hartmann, H.; Kris, E., and Lowenstein, R. Y.:  Comments on the Formation of Psychic Structure , Psychoanal. Study Child 2:11, 1945;.
33 +
Hill, L.: Psychotherapeutic Interaction in Schizophrenics , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1955;.
34 +
Hinsie, L. E.: The Treatment of Schizophrenia , Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1930;.
35 +
Jung, C. G.: The Psychology of Dementia Praecox , Ed. 2, New York, Nervous & Mental Disease Publishing Company, 1936;.
36 +
Kasanin, J. S.:  The Disturbance of Conceptual Thinking in Schizophrenia , in Language and Thought in Schizophrenia: Collected Papers , edited by J. S. Kasanin, Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1944;.
37 +
Kasanin, J. S.:  Development Roots of Schizophrenia , Amer. J. Psychiat. 101:770, 1945;.
38 +
Klein, M.: Contributions to Psycho-Analysis , London, Hogarth Press, Ltd., 1948;.
39 +
New Directions in Psychoanalysis , edited by M. Klein, and others, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1955;.
40 +
Knight, R. P.:  Management and Psychotherapy of the Borderline Schizophrenic Patient , in Psychoanalytic Psychiatry and Psychology , edited by R. P. Knight, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1954;.
41 +
Lidz, R. W., and Lidz, T.:  The Family Environment of Schizophrenic Patients , Amer. J. Psychiat. 106:332, 1949;.
42 +
Lidz, T.; Cornelison, A. R.; Fleck, S., and Terry, D.:  The Intrafamilial Environment of Schizophrenic Patients: Marital Schism and Marital Skew , Amer. J. Psychiat. 114:241, 1957;.
43 +
Lidz, T.; Cornelison, A.; Terry, D., and Fleck, S.:  Intrafamilial Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient: The Transmission of Irrationality , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 79:305, 1958;.
44 +
Lidz, T.; Parker, B., and Cornelison, A. R.:  The Role of the Father in the Family Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient , Amer. J. Psychiat. 113:126, 1956;.
45 +
Pankow, G.: Structuration dynamique dans la Schizophrénie , Bern, Verlag Hans Huber, 1956;.
46 +
Racamier, P. C.:  Connaissance et psycho thérapie de la relation schizophrénique , L'Evolution Psychiatrique , fasc. 2, 1958;, p. 445.
47 +
Racamier, P. C.:  Psychoanalytic Therapy of the Psychoses , in Psychoanalysis of Today , edited by S. Nacht, New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1959;.
48 +
Organization and Pathology of Thought , edited by D. Rapaport, New York, Columbia University Press, 1951;.
49 +
Rapaport, D.:  The Theory of Ego Autonomy: A Generalization , Bull. Menninger Clin. 22:13, 1958;.
50 +
Rosen, J. N.:  The Treatment of Schizophrenic Psychosis by Direct Analytic Therapy , Psychiat. Quart. 2:3, 1947;.
51 +
Rosen, J. N.: Direct Analysis: Selected Papers , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1953;.
52 +
Rosenfeld, H.:  Notes on the Psycho-Analysis of the Superego Conflict in an Acute Schizophrenic Patient , in New Directions in Psychoanalysis , edited by M. Klein and others, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1955;.
53 +
Schwing, G.: A Way to the Soul of the Mentally Ill , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1954;.
54 +
Searles, H. F.:  Dependency Processes in the Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia , J. Amer. Psychoanal. A. 3:19, 1955;.
55 +
Searles, H. F.:  The Schizophrenic's Vulnerability to the Therapist's Unconscious Processes , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 127:247, 1958;.
56 +
Searles, H. F.: The Nonhuman Environment , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1960;.
57 +
Sehehaye, M. A.: Symbolic Realization , New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1951;.
58 +
Sechehaye, M. A.: Autobiography of a Schizophrenic Girl , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1951;.
59 +
Sechehaye, M. A.: A New Psychotherapy in Schizophrenia , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1956;.
60 +
Semrad, E. J.:  Discussion of Dr. Frank's Paper , in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
61 +
Semrad, E. J.:  The Treatment Process , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:426, 1954;.
62 +
Sommer, R.; Dewar, R., and Osmond, H.:  Is There a Schizophrenic Language? Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 3:665, 1960;.
63 +
Sullivan, H. S.: Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry , Washington, William Alanson White Foundation, 1947;.
64 +
Sullivan, H. S.: Clinical Studies in Psychiatry , New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1956;.
65 +
Szalita-Pemow, A. B.:  The 'Intuitive Process' and Its Relation to Work with Schizophrenics , J. Amer. Psychoanal. A. 3:7, 1955;.
66 +
Szalita-Pemow, A. B.:  Further Remarks on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Schizophrenia , Psychiatry 2:143, 1952;.
67 +
Whitehorn, J. C.:  Hateful Self-Distrust: A Problem in the Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:420, 1954;.
68 +
Whitehorn, J. C., and Betz, B. J.:  A Study of Psychotherapeutic Relationships Between Physicians and Schizophrenic Patients , Amer. J. Psychiat. 111:321, 1954;.
69 +
Vigotsky, L. S.:  Thought in Schizophrenia , Arch. Neurol. et Psychiat. 31:1036, 1934;.
70 +
Von Domarus, E.:  The Specific Laws of Logic in Schizophrenia , in Language and Thought in Schizophrenia: Collected Papers , edited by J. S. Kasanin, Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1944;.
71 +
Wexler, M.:  The Structural Problem in Schizophrenia: The Role of the Internal Object , in Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics , edited by E. B. Brody and F. C. Redlich, New York, International Universities Press, Inc., 1952;.
72 +
Will, O. A.:  Psychotherapeutics and the Schizophrenic Reaction , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 126:109, 1958;.

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