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July 1962, Vol 7, No. 1 >
Article | July 1962

Autonomic Dysfunction in Psychoses: Title and subTitle BreakAdults and Autistic Children

LEONARD S. RUBIN, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication April 10, 1961.


Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1962;7(1):1-14. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01720010003001
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Recently, Rubin13,14 reported that the so-called functionally psychotic adult is incapable of manifesting an organized response to stress because of a fundamental impairment of function of either the adrenergic or cholinergic mechanism or both. The major hypotheses confirmed in the experiments were: (1) effective adjustments to emergency situations require maximal generalized sympathetic response; (2) to attain a maximal level of sympathetic activity in the intact organism, it is not only necessary that increased levels of adrenergic activity follow the emergency but that the level of cholinergic activity decrease; (3) the disordered responses to stress that characterize the functional psychoses represent significant departures from the adrenergic increase and cholinergic decrease that characterizes the effective, adjusting individual during stress; (4) the varieties of disordered response to stress represent discrete levels of activity of interacting adrenergic and cholinergic mechanism. That is, the disorder may represent

REFERENCES

1 +
Bliss, C. I., and Calhoun, D. W.: Outline of Biometry , New Haven, Yale Cooperative Corporation, 1954;.
2 +
Engelhart, E.:  Der humorale Wirkungs-Mechanismus der Okulomotoriusreizung , Arch. Ges. Physiol. 227:220-234, 1931;.
3 +
Forrer, G. R.:  Symposium on Atropine Toxicity Therapy, History, and Future Research , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 124:256-259, 1956;.
4 +
Fröhlich, A., and Loewi, O.:  Über eine Steigerung der adrenalin Empfindlichkeit durch Cocain , Arch. Exper. Path. Pharmakol. 62:159-169, 1910;.
5 +
Hess, W. R., and Koella, W.:  Experimentelle Studien über die antagonistische Innervation , Z. Ges. Exp. Med. 116:431-443, 1950;.
6 +
Hess, W. R.; Koella, W., and Szabo, T.:  Experimentelle Studien über die antagonistische Innervation , Z. Ges. Exp. Med. 115:481-490, 1950;.
7 +
Mendel, B., and Hawkins, R. D.:  Removal of Acetylcholine by Cholinesterase Injections and Effect Thereof on Nerve Impulse Transmission , J. Neurophysiol. 6:431-438, 1943;.
8 +
Pfeiffer, C. C.; Jenney, E. H.; Gallagher, W.; Smith, R. P.; Bevan, W.; Killam, K. F.; Killam, E. E., and Blackmore, W.:  Stimulant Effect of 2-Dimethyl Aminoethanol , Science 126:610-611, 1957;.
9 +
Pletscher, A. P. Shore, A., and Brodie, B. B.:  Serotonin as a Mediator of Reserpine Action in Brain , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 116:84-89, 1956;.
10 +
Poos, F.:  Über die Eignung der Pupillae als Testobjekt für pharmacologische Reaktionen und Pharmakadiagnostik am Auge , Ergebn. Physiol. 41:883-916, 1939;.
11 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Acetylcholine Hydrolysis in Psychiatric Patients , Science 128:254-255, 1958;.
12 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Cholinesterase Activity , Science 128:1176-1178, 1958;.
13 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Pupillary Reactivity as a Measure of Adrenergic-Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Study of Psychotic Behavior , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 130:386-400, 1960;.
14 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Pupillary Reactivity as a Measure of Autonomic Balance in the Study of Psychotic Behavior: A Rational Approach to Chemotherapy , Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 22:509-518, 1960;.
15 +
Shore, P. S.; Silver, S. L., and Brodie, B. B.:  Interaction of Reserpine, Serotonin, and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the Brain , Science 122:284-285, 1955;.
16 +
Truitt, E. B.:  Some Pharmacologic Correlations of the Chemotherapy of Mental Disease , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 216:184-210, 1958;.
17 +
Zeller, E. A.; Barsky, J., and Berman, E. R.:  Amine Oxidases Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase by 1-Isonicotinyl-2-Isopropylhydrazine , J. Biol. Chem. 214:267-274, 1955;.

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1 +
Bliss, C. I., and Calhoun, D. W.: Outline of Biometry , New Haven, Yale Cooperative Corporation, 1954;.
2 +
Engelhart, E.:  Der humorale Wirkungs-Mechanismus der Okulomotoriusreizung , Arch. Ges. Physiol. 227:220-234, 1931;.
3 +
Forrer, G. R.:  Symposium on Atropine Toxicity Therapy, History, and Future Research , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 124:256-259, 1956;.
4 +
Fröhlich, A., and Loewi, O.:  Über eine Steigerung der adrenalin Empfindlichkeit durch Cocain , Arch. Exper. Path. Pharmakol. 62:159-169, 1910;.
5 +
Hess, W. R., and Koella, W.:  Experimentelle Studien über die antagonistische Innervation , Z. Ges. Exp. Med. 116:431-443, 1950;.
6 +
Hess, W. R.; Koella, W., and Szabo, T.:  Experimentelle Studien über die antagonistische Innervation , Z. Ges. Exp. Med. 115:481-490, 1950;.
7 +
Mendel, B., and Hawkins, R. D.:  Removal of Acetylcholine by Cholinesterase Injections and Effect Thereof on Nerve Impulse Transmission , J. Neurophysiol. 6:431-438, 1943;.
8 +
Pfeiffer, C. C.; Jenney, E. H.; Gallagher, W.; Smith, R. P.; Bevan, W.; Killam, K. F.; Killam, E. E., and Blackmore, W.:  Stimulant Effect of 2-Dimethyl Aminoethanol , Science 126:610-611, 1957;.
9 +
Pletscher, A. P. Shore, A., and Brodie, B. B.:  Serotonin as a Mediator of Reserpine Action in Brain , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 116:84-89, 1956;.
10 +
Poos, F.:  Über die Eignung der Pupillae als Testobjekt für pharmacologische Reaktionen und Pharmakadiagnostik am Auge , Ergebn. Physiol. 41:883-916, 1939;.
11 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Acetylcholine Hydrolysis in Psychiatric Patients , Science 128:254-255, 1958;.
12 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Cholinesterase Activity , Science 128:1176-1178, 1958;.
13 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Pupillary Reactivity as a Measure of Adrenergic-Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Study of Psychotic Behavior , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 130:386-400, 1960;.
14 +
Rubin, L. S.:  Pupillary Reactivity as a Measure of Autonomic Balance in the Study of Psychotic Behavior: A Rational Approach to Chemotherapy , Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 22:509-518, 1960;.
15 +
Shore, P. S.; Silver, S. L., and Brodie, B. B.:  Interaction of Reserpine, Serotonin, and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the Brain , Science 122:284-285, 1955;.
16 +
Truitt, E. B.:  Some Pharmacologic Correlations of the Chemotherapy of Mental Disease , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 216:184-210, 1958;.
17 +
Zeller, E. A.; Barsky, J., and Berman, E. R.:  Amine Oxidases Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase by 1-Isonicotinyl-2-Isopropylhydrazine , J. Biol. Chem. 214:267-274, 1955;.

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