TY  - JOUR
T1  - ELevated c-reactive protein levels, psychological distress, and depression in 73 131 individuals
AU  - Wium-Andersen M, Ørsted D, Nielsen S, Nordestgaard B
Y1  - 2013/02/01
N1  - 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.102
JO  - JAMA Psychiatry
SP  - 176
EP  - 184
VL  - 70
IS  - 2
N2  - Context 
                  The pathogenesis of depression is not fully understood, but studies suggest that low-grade systemic inflammation contributes to the development of depression.Objective 
                  To test whether elevated plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with psychological distress and depression.Design 
                  We performed cross-sectional and prospective analyses of CRP levels in 4 clinically relevant categories using data from 2 general population studies.Setting 
                  The Copenhagen General Population and the Copenhagen City Heart studies.Participants 
                  We examined 73 131 men and women aged 20 to 100 years.Main Outcome Measures 
                  We ascertained psychological distress with 2 single-item self-reports and depression using self-reported antidepressant use, register-based prescription of antidepressants, and register-based hospitalization with depression.Results 
                  In cross-sectional analyses, increasing CRP levels were associated with increasing risk for psychological distress and depression (P = 3 × 10−8 to P = 4 × 10−105 for trend). For self-reported use of antidepressants, the odds ratio was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.23-1.55) for CRP levels of 1.01 to 3.00 mg/L, 2.02 (1.77-2.30) for 3.01 to 10.00 mg/L, and 2.70 (2.25-3.25) for greater than 10.00 mg/L compared with 0.01 to 1.00 mg/L. For prescription of antidepressants, the corresponding odds ratios were 1.08 (95% CI, 0.99-1.17), 1.47 (1.33-1.62), and 1.77 (1.52-2.05), respectively; for hospitalization with depression, 1.30 (1.01-1.67), 1.84 (1.39-2.43), and 2.27 (1.54-3.32), respectively. In prospective analyses, increasing CRP levels were also associated with increasing risk for hospitalization with depression (P = 4 × 10−8 for trend).Conclusions 
                  Elevated levels of CRP are associated with increased risk for psychological distress and depression in the general population.
SN  - 2168-622X
M3  - doi: 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.102
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.102
ER  -