TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evidence of developmental alterations in cortical and subcortical regions of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multivoxel in vivo phosphorus 31 spectroscopy study
AU  - Stanley JA, Kipp H, Greisenegger E, et al
Y1  - 2008/12/01
N1  - 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.503
JO  - Archives of General Psychiatry
SP  - 1419
EP  - 1428
VL  - 65
IS  - 12
N2  - Context 
    There is mounting evidence of neurodevelopmental alterations implicating the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain undergoes substantive structural and functional changes with a differential timing between brain regions during development from childhood to adolescence. In vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging approach that is sensitive in assessing developmental changes of overproducing/pruning of synapses.Objective 
    To provide support for a developmental mechanism targeting a bottom-up dysfunction of the basal ganglia impairing the fine-tuning of prefrontal functions in ADHD.Design 
    Cross-sectional study.Setting 
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding areas.Participants 
    Thirty-one psychostimulant-naive children with ADHD (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [1.2] years; range, 6.1-10.0 years) and 36 healthy control subjects (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [1.3] years; range, 6.1-10.4 years).Main Outcome Measure 
    Membrane phospholipid (MPL) precursor levels (ie, phosphomonoesters that are anabolic metabolites of MPL) were assessed in the PFC and basal ganglia as well as in 4 other brain regions using in vivo 31P MRS.Results 
    Lower bilateral MPL precursor levels in the basal ganglia and higher MPL precursor levels in the inferior parietal region (primarily right side) were noted in the children with ADHD as compared with healthy control children. There was a group × age interaction in the PFC and inferior parietal region, with relatively older psychostimulant-naive children with ADHD showing significantly lower PFC and higher inferior parietal MPL precursor levels. No differences between groups were noted in the superior temporal, posterior white matter, or occipital regions.Conclusion 
    Though based on cross-sectional data, these results are suggestive of possible progressive, nonlinear, and sequential alterations implicating a bottom-up developmental dysfunction in parts of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical network in ADHD.
SN  - 0003-990X
M3  - doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.503
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.503
ER  -